{"slug": "normandy", "label": "Normandy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15878", "qid": "Q15878", "description": "geographical and cultural region which extends over a part of France and the British Channel Islands", "entries": 40, "years": 33, "span": [513, 1944], "span_label": ["513 CE", "1944 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 24}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "hundred-years-war", "label": "Hundred Years' War", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rouen", "label": "Rouen", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "henry-v-of-england", "label": "Henry V of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "caen", "label": "Caen", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "portsmouth", "label": "Portsmouth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "picardy", "label": "Picardy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "july", "label": "July", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "john-of-lancaster-duke-of-bedford", "label": "John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "richard-of-york-3rd-duke-of-york", "label": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Vigor becomes bishop of Bayeux. He opposes paganism and founds a monastery later known as Saint-Vigor-le-Grand (Normandy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Religion", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Philibert, Frankish abbot, receives a gift from King Clovis II of Neustria, and founds Jumièges Abbey in Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Religion", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mont Saint-Michel, built by Aubert, bishop of Avranches, has its beginnings in an oratory on Mont Tombe, on the coast of Normandy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Architecture,_real_estate", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By topic › Architecture, real estate"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hugh of Champagne, cousin of Charles Martel, enters the monastery of Jumièges (Normandy), and embraces the religious life as abbot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Religion", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 834, "year_label": "834 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and advisor of former emperor Charlemagne, dies at Fontenelle Abbey in Normandy (or 833).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941786#Religion", "title": "834", "revid": 1340941786, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Vikings sail up the River Seine and devastate the city of Rouen in Normandy. They burn the Benedictine monastery of Jumièges Abbey; 68 captives are taken, and returned on payment of a ransom, by the monks of St. Denis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Europe", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Luitgarde, duchess consort of Normandy (d. 978)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Births", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The \"Shroud of Saint Josse\", a rich silk Samite camel cloth from Khurasan, is made. It is preserved in the Abbey of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer, near Caen (Normandy) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Art", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 1039, "year_label": "1039 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbey of Bec is founded at Le Bec-Hellouin in Normandy (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344928541#Religion", "title": "1039", "revid": 1344928541, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1070, "year_label": "1070 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Jews from Rouen in Normandy settle in England at the invitation of King William I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327891061#Events", "title": "1070", "revid": 1327891061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A rebellion against Henry I of England breaks out in Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#France", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Events › By place › France"}}, {"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – John, King of England, permits Jews to live freely in England and Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#Religion", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1204, "year_label": "1204 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Angers and Normandy are captured by Philip II of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361051821#Events", "title": "1204", "revid": 1361051821, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1259, "year_label": "1259 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482647#Europe", "title": "1259", "revid": 1362482647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – The English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy, but is forced back by contrary winds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Hundred Years' War: The French burn Portsmouth, England; the English raid Picardy and Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Army of England, led by King Henry V, begins the siege of Rouen, the capital of Normandy in France. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#July–September", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "29 July – The English under Henry V commence the siege of Rouen in Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371802421#Events", "title": "1418 in France", "revid": 1371802421, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#January–March", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "19 January - Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England bringing Normandy under his control during the Hundred Years War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371802457#Events", "title": "1419 in France", "revid": 1371802457, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Battle of Baugé: A small French force, led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, a brother of King Henry V of England, in Normandy. Thomas, heir to the throne and Crown Prince, is killed in the attack, along with about 1,000 other of men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#January–March", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "6 March - English forces under John, Duke of Bedford win a victory at the Battle of St. James in Normandy as part of the Hundred Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372152306#Events", "title": "1426 in France", "revid": 1372152306, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – In France, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, is granted the control of the county of Mortain in Normandy by the Duke of Bedford, Regent for King Henry VI in France, as a reward for his military service during the war against the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#April–June", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Unknown – The University of Caen is founded in Normandy", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372152989#Events", "title": "1432 in France", "revid": 1372152989, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June - Richard, Duke of York arrives in Normandy following his appointment as English commander in the Hundred Years War", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372955204#Events", "title": "1441 in France", "revid": 1372955204, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – In Normandy, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York of England's House of Plantagenet, completes his five-year term as Lieutenant-general of British-occupied France and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset takes his place. He returns to England on October 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#July–September", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#July–September", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy in the Normandy campaign of 1449-1450", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372955601#Events", "title": "1449 in France", "revid": 1372955601, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege Caen in English-occupied Normandy in France, attacking the fortress commanded by Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#April–June", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, the last remaining English stronghold in Normandy, surrenders to the French ending the Siege of Cherbourg", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372955121#Events", "title": "1450 in France", "revid": 1372955121, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, invaded northern France during his conflict with King Louis XI of France. Burgundian forces ravaged Picardy and Normandy, burning towns and countryside to pressure the French crown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333256559#Events", "title": "1472 in France", "revid": 1333256559, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1531, "year_label": "1531 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Bertrand d'Ornesan, leads an expedition to Brazil to establish a commercial post. The ship sailed from Normandy with 120 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736400#Events", "title": "1531 in France", "revid": 1353736400, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – King Henry IV of France begins the siege of Rouen, the Spanish-held capital of Normandy. The Spanish Navy arrives after five months and King Henry abandons the siege on April 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#October–December", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – King Henry IV of France ends the siege of Rouen, the Spanish-held capital of Normandy, five months after its November 11 commencement, as the Spanish Navy arrives to relieve the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#April–June", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Revolt of the va-nu-pieds begins in Normandy against the gabelle, suppressed by Michel Le Tellier, Pierre Séguier and Omer Talon (continues into 1640).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737126#July–December", "title": "1639 in France", "revid": 1353737126, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – In Normandy, the revolt of the va-nu-pieds is crushed by the troops of French Army Colonel Jean de Gassion under orders of Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, with 300 of the rebels killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#October–December", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Camembert cheese reputedly first made by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365416177#Date_unknown", "title": "1791", "revid": 1365416177, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast, in preparation for D-Day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#June", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – WWII: D-Day: Approximately 160,000 Allied troops shipped from England land on the beaches of Normandy in northern France, beginning Operation Overlord and the Invasion of Normandy. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious military operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#June", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › June"}}]}