{"slug": "nicolaus-copernicus", "label": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619", "qid": "Q619", "description": "Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543)", "entries": 13, "years": 11, "span": [1473, 1757], "span_label": ["1473 CE", "1757 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Copernicus", "Nicholas Copernicus"], "related": [{"slug": "roman-catholic-church", "label": "Roman Catholic Church", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "index-librorum-prohibitorum", "label": "Index Librorum Prohibitorum", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "galileo-galilei", "label": "Galileo Galilei", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "johannes-kepler", "label": "Johannes Kepler", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-benedict-xiv", "label": "Pope Benedict XIV", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-julius-ii", "label": "Pope Julius II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gdansk", "label": "Gdańsk", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nuremberg", "label": "Nuremberg", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Births", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus enters the University of Kraków", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#Date_unknown", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Copernicus is formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#July–September", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Astronomer Mikołaj Kopernik of Poland is granted benefits by Pope Julius II in order to perform his work.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#October–December", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus, an abstract of what will eventually become De revolutionibus orbium coelestium; he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#Date_unknown", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1514, "year_label": "1514 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus's Commentariolus is written by this date.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369345340#Date_unknown", "title": "1514", "revid": 1369345340, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#Date_unknown", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – In Nuremberg, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is printed during the illness of Nicholas Copernicus, offering mathematical arguments for the existence of the heliocentric universe, denying the geocentric model. According to legend, Copernicus, who had a stroke in December, is presented a copy of the book on his deathbed shortly before dying on May 24 in Frombork at the age of 70.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#January–March", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish mathematician and astronomer (b. 1473)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#Deaths", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The first biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed by Bernardino Baldi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#October–December", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Astronomer Galileo Galilei appears before Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino and \"warned of the error of the Copernican opinion taught by him\", and enjoined by the Catholic Church against any attempt to hold, teach or defend the position of Copernicus that the Sun is stationary rather than revolving around the Earth \"in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#January–February", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church \"until corrected\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#March-April", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › March-April"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The works of astronomer Galileo Galilei espousing heliocentrism are removed (with the approval of Pope Benedict XIV) from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum list of books banned by Roman Catholic Church, along with \"all books teaching the earth's motion and the sun's immobility\". Other works of heliocentrists Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Diego de Zúñiga and Paolo Foscarini remain on the list.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}