{"slug": "nazi-germany", "label": "Nazi Germany", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318", "qid": "Q7318", "description": "Germany from 1933 to 1945 while under control of the Nazi Party", "entries": 43, "years": 17, "span": [1933, 2014], "span_label": ["1933 CE", "2014 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 13}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Nazi German", "Nazi era", "Nazi regime", "Third Reich"], "related": [{"slug": "the-holocaust", "label": "The Holocaust", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "adolf-hitler", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "luftwaffe", "label": "Luftwaffe", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "wehrmacht", "label": "Wehrmacht", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "albert-einstein", "label": "Albert Einstein", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-romania", "label": "Kingdom of Romania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lublin", "label": "Lublin", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ankara", "label": "Ankara", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "romania", "label": "Romania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "winston-churchill", "label": "Winston Churchill", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Nazi Germany outlaws the kosher ritual shechita.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#April", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Nazi Germany outlaws the Social-Democratic Party (SPD).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#June", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 25", "text": "25 August – The Haavara Agreement is signed between Nazi Germany, the Zionist Federation of Germany and the Anglo-Palestine Bank, allowing approximately 60,000 German Jews to leave Germany and move to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369095485#Events_in_Germany", "title": "1933 in Germany", "revid": 1369095485, "section": "Events in Germany"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Scientist Albert Einstein arrives from Europe in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee from Nazi Germany and takes up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#October", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Albert Einstein arrives in the United States, where he settles permanently as a refugee from Nazi Germany and takes up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369937901#October–December", "title": "1933 in the United States", "revid": 1369937901, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler orders reinstatement of the air force, the Luftwaffe, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#February", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – In Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler announces the reintroduction of conscription to the Wehrmacht, in violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#May", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and Locarno Treaties, Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Hitler and other Nazis later admit that the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#March–April", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – The Bombing of Jaén is carried out in Spain, by the Condor Legion of the Nazi German Luftwaffe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#April", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Spanish Civil War: The Bombing of Guernica is carried out in Spain, by the Condor Legion of the Nazi German Luftwaffe, in support of the Francoists. Three-quarters of the town is destroyed and hundreds killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#April", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "1 September – Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. France and Britain deliver ultimatums to Germany and France declares full mobilization.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344023108#Events", "title": "1939 in France", "revid": 1344023108, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#October", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Appeal of 18 June: General Charles de Gaulle, de facto leader of the Free French Forces, makes his first broadcast appeal over Radio Londres from London, rallying the French Resistance, calling on all French people to continue the fight against Nazi Germany: \"France has lost a battle. But France has not lost the war.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#June", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – WWII: Second Armistice at Compiègne: The French Third Republic and Nazi Germany sign an armistice, ending the Battle of France in the Forest of Compiègne, in the same Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits railroad car used by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to conclude the Armistice with Germany in 1918. This divides France into a Zone occupée in the north and west, under the Military Administration in France (Nazi Germany), and a southern Zone libre, Vichy France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#June", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – WWII: The Blitz – Nazi Germany begins to rain bombs on London (the first of 57 consecutive nights of strategic bombing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#September", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – German submarine U-69 is commissioned, the first Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, which will become its most numerous class, with 568 commissioned during the War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#November", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – The German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship is signed between Nazi Germany and Turkey, in Ankara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – WWII: Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany (with allies) invades the Soviet Union and declares war on it. Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: \"Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.\" Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Massacre of Lviv professors: Polish scientists and writers are murdered by Nazi German troops in the occupied Polish city of Lwów.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#July", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 18", "text": "18 August — Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasia of the mentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the T-4 Euthanasia Program are then transferred to concentration camps, where they continue in their trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320691913#August", "title": "1941 in Germany", "revid": 1320691913, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – The Tiraspol Agreement is signed between Germany and Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#August", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#August", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Holocaust: The Nazi German Chełmno extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, near the village of Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof) and the first mass gassing of Jews begins here when the SS use gas vans to murder people from the Łódź Ghetto. Between December 1941–April 1943 and June 1944–January 1945, at least 153,000 Jews will be killed in the camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#December", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The Holocaust: Operation Reinhard – The Nazi German Bełżec extermination camp opens in occupied Poland, about 1 km south of the railroad station at Bełżec in the Lublin district of the General Government. At least 434,508 people are killed here up to December 1942.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#March", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 17", "text": "17 March — Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Belzec opens in occupied Poland about 1 km south of the local railroad station of Belzec in the Lublin district of the General Government. Between March 1942 and December 1942, at least 434,508 people were killed there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370680952#Events", "title": "1942 in Germany", "revid": 1370680952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April", "text": "April — Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibor opens in occupied Poland on the outskirts of the village of Sobibór. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people were killed in the camp.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370680952#Events", "title": "1942 in Germany", "revid": 1370680952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April", "text": "The Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibór opens in occupied Poland, on the outskirts of the town of Sobibór. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed here.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#April", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The Holocaust: Construction of the Nazi German extermination camp Treblinka II commences in occupied Poland near the village of Treblinka. Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed here, more than 800,000 of whom are Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#April", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#October", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1–2 – WWII: Koriukivka massacre – 6,700 inhabitants of Koriukivka are murdered in Ukraine, by a German SS unit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#March", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – Nazi Germany commences Operation Citadel. It will eventually lead to the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#July", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny – A group of pro-Partisan soldiers, led by Ferid Džanić and others within the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), training in occupied France, rise against Nazi German troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#September", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic (\"Republic of Salò\") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#September", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia (a fascist puppet state) by Yugoslav Partisans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 28", "text": "28 November – Former Prime Minister Pierre Prüm is sentenced to four years in prison for collaboration with Nazi Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352053768#October_–_December", "title": "1946 in Luxembourg", "revid": 1352053768, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Allied military authorities relinquish control of former Nazi Germany assets back to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#September", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 13", "text": "13 March – Israel disclosed a demand for 6.2 billion Deutsche Mark ($1.5 billion US dollars) for Jewish property confiscated and plundered by the Germans during the Nazi regime. The German reparations would be used to resettle the 500,000 Jewish war refugees whom immigrated to Israel from countries formerly under the Nazi regime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363044253#Events", "title": "1951 in Israel", "revid": 1363044253, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Werner Heyde, a psychiatrist who had guided the euthanizing of more than 100,000 handicapped persons in Nazi Germany, surrendered to police in Frankfurt after 13 years as a fugitive. As director of the Reich Association of Hospitals, Dr. Heyde had carried out \"Action T4\". Men, women and children who were mentally or physically handicapped were the victims of Heyde's \"mercy killing\" from 1939 to 1942, usually by lethal injection. Sentenced in absentia to death, Heyde had been practicing in Flensburg as \"Dr. Fritz Sawade\". On February 13, 1964, five days before his trial was to start, Dr. Heyde hanged himself at the prison in Butzbach.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348365818#November", "title": "1959 in Germany", "revid": 1348365818, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – West German refugee minister Theodor Oberländer is dismissed because of his Nazi past.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#May", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct fugitive Nazi German war criminal Adolf Eichmann in order that he can be taken to Israel and put on trial. This is announced on May 23 by Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#May", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Pakistani Forces achieve a decisive victory at the Battle of Chawinda, ultimately halting the Indian advance and successfully stabilizing the Sialkot Front; it is the world's largest tank battle since the Battle of Kursk in the Second World War between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368843670#September–October", "title": "1965", "revid": 1368843670, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "On October 16, 2014, a military parade by the Serbian Army was held in front of more than 100,000 spectators for the 70th anniversary of the Soviet Red Army liberating city of Belgrade from Nazi Germany. The parade was also part of Russian president Vladimir Putin's official visit. Besides Putin who was the parade's centerpiece guest, the main stand featured Serbian dignitaries, president Tomislav Nikolić and prime minister Aleksandar Vučić as well as Republika Srpska president Milorad Dodik and Republika Srpska prime minister Željka Cvijanović.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267493032#October", "title": "2014 in Serbia", "revid": 1267493032, "section": "Events › October"}}]}