{"slug": "napoleon", "label": "Napoleon", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q517", "qid": "Q517", "description": "French military leader, French Emperor 1804–1814 and again in 1815 (1769–1821)", "entries": 104, "years": 29, "span": [1769, 1844], "span_label": ["1769 CE", "1844 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 54}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 19}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Napoleon Bonaparte", "Napoleon Buonaparte", "Napoleon I", "Napoleon I of France", "Napoleone Buonaparte", "Napoléon Bonaparte"], "related": [{"slug": "napoleonic-wars", "label": "Napoleonic Wars", "shared": 17}, {"slug": "alexander-i-of-russia", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "saint-helena", "label": "Saint Helena", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "prussia", "label": "Prussia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "josephine-de-beauharnais", "label": "Joséphine de Beauharnais", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "french-revolution", "label": "French Revolution", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "first-french-empire", "label": "First French Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "toulon", "label": "Toulon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-pius-vii", "label": "Pope Pius VII", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor (d. 1821)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354215144#Births", "title": "1769", "revid": 1354215144, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte becomes a lieutenant in the French artillery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#Date_unknown", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – French expedition to Sardinia: A small French and Corsican force briefly occupies the small Sardinian island of La Maddalena, then withdraws to Corsica. 23-year-old lieutenant Napoleon Buonaparte is second-in-command.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 18", "text": "18 September-18 December – French Revolutionary Wars: Siege of Toulon – Admiral Hood's squadron of Royal Navy ships supporting French Royalists is forced to withdraw from Toulon after a successful siege by Napoleon, taking a number of French ships – including the Lutine – with them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331875915#July_to_September", "title": "1793 in France", "revid": 1331875915, "section": "Events › July to September"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Napoleon is arrested and put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres during their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction. He is later taken to Antibes and detained in a military fort.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#July–September", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "1790s – British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349955447#Events", "title": "1795 in Canada", "revid": 1349955447, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – 13 Vendémiaire: Royalist riots in Paris are crushed by troops under Paul Barras and newly-reinstalled artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#July–December", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Widow Joséphine de Beauharnais marries General Napoleon Bonaparte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368676893#January–March", "title": "1796", "revid": 1368676893, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 9", "text": "9 March - Widow Joséphine de Beauharnais marries General Napoléon Bonaparte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360244285#Events", "title": "1796 in France", "revid": 1360244285, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – War of the First Coalition – Battle of Lodi: General Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrian rearguard, in forcing a crossing of the bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men, 14 guns, and 30 ammunition wagons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368676893#April–June", "title": "1796", "revid": 1368676893, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – War of the First Coalition – Battle of Rivoli: French forces under General Napoleon Bonaparte defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under Feldzeugmeister József Alvinczi, near Rivoli (modern-day Italy), ending Austria's fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of Mantua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#January–March", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Napoleon sets off for Toulon, sailing aboard Vice-Admiral Brueys's flagship L'Orient; his squadron is part of a larger fleet of over 300 vessels, carrying almost 37,000 troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#January–June", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – War of the Second Coalition: Siege of Jaffa – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine from the Ottomans and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#January–March", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Siege of Acre ends after two months; Napoleon's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#April–June", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Coup of 18 Brumaire: Napoleon overthrows the French Directory in a coup d'état, which ends the French Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#October–December", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#January–March", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#April–June", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#October–December", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "24 December - Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise, assassination attempt on Napoleon Bonaparte in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349464902#Events", "title": "1800 in France", "revid": 1349464902, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370397745#July–September", "title": "1801", "revid": 1370397745, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – A general amnesty signed by Napoleon allows all but about 1,000 of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France as part of a conciliatory gesture to make peace with the various factions of the Ancien Régime that ultimately consolidates his own rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#April–June", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon reinstates slavery in the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#April–June", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – In a plebiscite, Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as the First Consul of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#July–September", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – Napoleon authorizes the celebration of a Joan of Arc feast in Orléans on 8 May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331877496#Events", "title": "1803 in France", "revid": 1331877496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#January–March", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#April–June", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May - The First Consul of France Citizen Bonaparte begins making preparations to invade England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331877496#Events", "title": "1803 in France", "revid": 1331877496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#April–June", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – Haitian Revolution: Battle of Vertières – The Haitian army, led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, defeats the French army sent by Napoleon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373209562#October–December", "title": "1803", "revid": 1373209562, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#April–June", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I: At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#October–December", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck is appointed as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic by Napoleon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#April–June", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#April–June", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Austerlitz – French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#October–December", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being \"9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#October–December", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 31", "text": "31 December - The French Republican calendar is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon with effect from 1 January 1806, the final official date being \"9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution\". This year also he has ordered his soldiers to be vaccinated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333984825#Events", "title": "1805 in France", "revid": 1333984825, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pułtusk – Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Kingdom of Bavaria is established by Napoleon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#January–March", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais, adopted daughter of Emperor Napoleon I, marries Prince Karl Ludwig Friedrich of Baden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#April–June", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Louis Bonaparte is appointed as King of Holland by his brother, Emperor Napoleon, replacing the Batavian Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#April–June", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: At Jena, Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe, while at Auerstedt, Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (who is fatally wounded).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 14", "text": "14 October – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, while Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343653362#Events", "title": "1806 in Germany", "revid": 1343653362, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 21", "text": "November 21 – Napoleon's Berlin Decree initiates the Continental System, blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "7–9 July – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established 9 September by Napoleon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331899981#Events", "title": "1807 in Germany", "revid": 1331899981, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – Napoleon leads the forces of the French Empire in an invasion of the Russian Empire, and begins fighting at the Battle of Eylau against Russian and Prussian forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#January–March", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Battle of Eylau: Napoleon fights a hard but inconclusive battle against the Russians under Bennigsen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#January–March", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#April–June", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7–9 – The Treaties of Tilsit are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands, and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany. The Free City of Danzig is also formed (established July 21 by Napoleon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#July–September", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Emperor Napoleon for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powers a boat upstream on the river Saône in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#July–September", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 20", "text": "20 July – Nicéphore Niépce is awarded a patent by Napoleon for the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powers a boat upstream on the river Saône.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331877773#Events", "title": "1807 in France", "revid": 1331877773, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2–7 – Battle of Copenhagen: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets, to prevent the Dano-Norwegian navy from surrendering to Napoleon; 30% of the city is destroyed, and 2,000 citizens are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#July–September", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369185588#July–September", "title": "1808", "revid": 1369185588, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "27 September – Congress of Erfurt, between Emperor Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I of Russia begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352918213#Events", "title": "1808 in France", "revid": 1352918213, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 27", "text": "27 September – The Congress of Erfurt, between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia, begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371773643#Events", "title": "1808 in Germany", "revid": 1371773643, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Napoleon's continental blockade cuts British access to Scandinavian timber.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349955864#Events", "title": "1809 in Canada", "revid": 1349955864, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon defeats Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Battle of Landshut: Napoleon defeats Austria, in yet another battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Battle of Ratisbon: Napoleon I fights his last battle during the Bavarian phase of the War of the Fifth Coalition", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Pope excommunicates him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon, in a hard-fought battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#July–September", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – The marriage of Napoleon I and Joséphine is annulled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#January–March", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Napoleon I decrees that Rome would become the second capital of the French Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#January–March", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Napoleon I marries Marie-Louise of Austria by proxy in Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#January–March", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Emperor Napoleon I of France marries Marie-Louise of Austria in person in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#April–June", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Napoleon I dissolves the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte, and annexes the country into the French Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#July–September", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Tensions between France and Russia increase, as Napoleon orders the seizing of the Duchy of Oldenburg. This will eventually lead to the Treaty of Paris(24 February 1812) and the following French invasion of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336637540#Events", "title": "1811 in Russia", "revid": 1336637540, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Napoleon I authorizes the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#January–March", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Napoleon's Grande Armée crosses the Neman River, and invades Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#April–June", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 - The French invasion of Russia begins, as Napoleon crosses the Nieman river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330942748#Events", "title": "1812 in Russia", "revid": 1330942748, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16–18 – Battle of Smolensk: The Grande Armée (180,000 men) under Emperor Napoleon I defeats the Russian army on the road to Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#July–September", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – French invasion of Russia and Fire of Moscow: Napoleon's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites, on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin. Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as \"the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#July–September", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#October–December", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Lützen – Napoleon wins against the German alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#April–June", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Großbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#July–September", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#July–September", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26–27 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#July–September", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "6 September – Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon are defeated by Prussia and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360304794#Events", "title": "1813 in Germany", "revid": 1360304794, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon I to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#October–December", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#January", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of La Rothière: Blücher's Allied army defeats the French under Napoleon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#February", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Champaubert: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a small Russian corps led by Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, opening the Six Days' Campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#February", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montmirail: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg in the Six Days' Campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#February", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Château-Thierry (1814): A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken in the Six Days' Campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#February", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Vauchamps: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, the last major action of the Six Days' Campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#February", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Napoleonic Wars – Treaty of Fontainebleau: The War of the Sixth Coalition ends, and Napoleon is forced to abdicate unconditionally as Emperor of the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#April–June", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Napoleonic Wars: The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360305709#April–June", "title": "1814", "revid": 1360305709, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#February", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#March", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elba", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#March", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#March", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Battle of Ligny – Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#June", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "16 June-Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360309250#Events", "title": "1815 in Germany", "revid": 1360309250, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#June", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#June", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards HMS Bellerophon off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#July", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#October", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor and general (b. 1769)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#January–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – Emperor Napoleon dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Pope Pius VII dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#July–September", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – The French frigate Belle Poule arrives in Cherbourg, bringing back the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360387586#July–September", "title": "1840", "revid": 1360387586, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 30", "text": "30 September - The frigate Belle Poule arrives in Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, returning the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena. He is buried in Les Invalides.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359703126#Events", "title": "1840 in France", "revid": 1359703126, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – The body of Napoleon is laid to rest in Les Invalides in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360387586#October–December", "title": "1840", "revid": 1360387586, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, King of Naples and Spain (b. 1768)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372570203#July–December", "title": "1844", "revid": 1372570203, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}]}