{"slug": "mikhail-gorbachev", "label": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487", "qid": "Q30487", "description": "leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 (1931–2022)", "entries": 28, "years": 9, "span": [1931, 2022], "span_label": ["1931 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["President Gorbachev"], "related": [{"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "general-secretary-of-the-communist-party-of-the-soviet-union", "label": "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "ronald-reagan", "label": "Ronald Reagan", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cold-war", "label": "Cold War", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "george-h-w-bush", "label": "George H. W. Bush", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nobel-peace-prize", "label": "Nobel Peace Prize", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "moscow", "label": "Moscow", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nikita-khrushchev", "label": "Nikita Khrushchev", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "president-of-the-united-states", "label": "President of the United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "communist-party-of-the-soviet-union", "label": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#March", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Births › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and de facto leader of the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#March", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#November", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December", "text": "December – President Saddam Hussain visits Moscow to meet Mikhail Gorbachev in an attempt to improve relations between Iraq and the Soviet union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315697475#Events", "title": "1985 in Iraq", "revid": 1315697475, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 25", "text": "25 January – Mikhail Gorbachev proposes a 15-year plan on abolition of nuclear weapons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300649348#January", "title": "1986 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1300649348, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union opens in Moscow. The General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev introduces the keywords of his mandate to the audience: Glasnost and Perestroika.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#February", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11–12 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe, which end in failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#October", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May", "text": "25-27 May – Mikhail Gorbachev visits Romania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353741461#May", "title": "1987 in Romania", "revid": 1353741461, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – During a visit to Berlin, Germany, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#June", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It expired in 2019.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#December", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Soviet Union begins its program of economic restructuring (perestroika) with legislation initiated by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (though Gorbachev had begun minor restructuring in 1985).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#January", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29–June 3 – The Moscow Summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev takes place, where the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was finalized.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#May", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 — Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since the 1960s.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301151030#May", "title": "1989 in China", "revid": 1301151030, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s, ending the Sino-Soviet split.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#May", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 — Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, ending the Sino-Soviet split.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311384961#Events", "title": "1989 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1311384961, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, General Secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#December", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – Cold War: Malta Summit – Concluding a 2-day meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end. Gorbachev implies criticism of the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#December", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Cold War: Black January – Soviet troops occupy Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, under the state of emergency decree issued by General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, and kill over 130 protesters who were demonstrating for independence. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic declares its independence from the USSR.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#January", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Ottawa for a 29-hour visit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#May", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#June", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 9", "text": "9 September - Joint news conference of President Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev in Helsinki, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1244962504#Events", "title": "1990 in Finland", "revid": 1244962504, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 — 500,000-participants rally on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow. The main slogans of the action were the resignation of the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, support for Boris Yeltsin, active participation in the all-Union referendum. Organizers: Democratic Russia, Moscow Association of Voters, Memorial Society.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372881824#March", "title": "1991 in the Soviet Union and Russia", "revid": 1372881824, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16–18 – General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. Gorbachev returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#August", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in Ukraine during WWII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#October", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Soviet President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in the country during WWII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356271564#Events", "title": "1991 in Ukraine", "revid": 1356271564, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the final leader of the Soviet Union, dies at the age of 91.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#August", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Mikhail Gorbachev, 91, Russian politician, final general secretary of the Communist Party (1985–1991) and president of the Soviet Union (1990–1991), Nobel Prize laureate (1990).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370431301", "title": "Deaths in August 2022", "revid": 1370431301, "section": "Deaths › August"}}]}