{"slug": "megara", "label": "Megara", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184864", "qid": "Q184864", "description": "city in western Attica, Greece", "entries": 19, "years": 19, "span": [-1281, -242], "span_label": ["1282 BCE", "243 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ancient-corinth", "label": "Ancient Corinth", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "boeotia", "label": "Boeotia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "attica", "label": "Attica", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "delian-league", "label": "Delian League", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "peloponnesian-league", "label": "Peloponnesian League", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "peloponnese", "label": "Peloponnese", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pericles", "label": "Pericles", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "achaea", "label": "Achaea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aegina", "label": "Aegina", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -1281, "year_label": "1282 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1282 BC—Pandion II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in Megara, while Athens and the rest of Attica were under the control of an alliance of Nobles led by his uncle Metion (son of Erechtheus of Athens) and his sons (including in some accounts Daedalus). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain the throne. Aegeus becomes King of Athens, Nisos reigns in Megara, Lykos in Euboea and Pallas in southern Attica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296708831#Events_and_trends", "title": "1280s BC", "revid": 1296708831, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -703, "year_label": "704 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "704 BC—Menos of Megara wins the stadion race at the 19th Olympic Games.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361440079#Events_and_trends", "title": "700s BC (decade)", "revid": 1361440079, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -684, "year_label": "685 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "685 BC—Traditional date of the foundation of Chalcedon by Megara or when it became a Greek colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368318910#Events_and_trends", "title": "680s BC", "revid": 1368318910, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -666, "year_label": "667 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Byzantium (modern Istanbul) is founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510245#Asia_Minor", "title": "667 BC", "revid": 1370510245, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -639, "year_label": "640 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theagenes becomes tyrant at Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510228#Europe", "title": "640 BC", "revid": 1370510228, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": -459, "year_label": "460 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173290#Greece", "title": "460 BC", "revid": 1354173290, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -458, "year_label": "459 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens allied itself with the city state of Megara which was under pressure from Corinth. This alliance leads to war between Corinth and Athens. The first battle of the war, at Haliesis in the Gulf of Argolis, resulted in a Corinthian victory, but the next battle, the battle of Cecryphalea (modern Angistrion), went Athens' way.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354678972#Greece", "title": "459 BC", "revid": 1354678972, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -456, "year_label": "457 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athens, the leader of the Delian League, comes into conflict with Corinth and its ally Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League) over Megara. Nicomedes of Sparta, regent for King Pleistoanax, leads an army of 11,500 hoplites into Boeotia to help Thebes put down a rebellion by Phocis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371321391#Greece", "title": "457 BC", "revid": 1371321391, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -445, "year_label": "446 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Megara joins the revolt against Athens. The strategic importance of Megara is immediately demonstrated by the appearance, for the first time in 12 years, of a Spartan army under King Pleistoanax in Attica. The threat from the Spartan army leads Pericles to arrange, by bribery and by negotiation, that Athens will give up its mainland possessions and confine itself to a largely maritime empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372038982#Greece", "title": "446 BC", "revid": 1372038982, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -444, "year_label": "445 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower, looks for peace with the support of the Assembly. Athenian diplomat, Callias, goes to Sparta and after much bargaining arranges a peace treaty with Sparta and her Peloponnesian allies, thus extending the 5 year truce of 451 BC for another 30 years. According to this treaty, Megara is to be returned to the Peloponnesian League, Troezen and Achaea become independent, Aegina is to become a tributary to Athens but autonomous, and disputes are to be settled by arbitration. Each party agrees to respect the alliances of the other.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255603089#Greece", "title": "445 BC", "revid": 1255603089, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -433, "year_label": "434 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the \"Megarian decree\") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317718470#Greece", "title": "434 BC", "revid": 1317718470, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -432, "year_label": "433 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Corinthians, upset by Athens' actions, lobby Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173211#Greece", "title": "433 BC", "revid": 1354173211, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -423, "year_label": "424 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demosthenes and Hippocrates attempt to capture Megara, but they are defeated by the Spartans under their general Brasidas. Demosthenes then marches to Naupactus to assist in a democratic revolution, and to gather troops for an invasion of Boeotia. However, Demosthenes and Hippocrates are unable to coordinate their attacks and Hippocrates is defeated at the Battle of Delium by Pagondas of Thebes. During the battle, Socrates is said to have saved the life of Alcibiades. Demosthenes attacks Sicyon and is defeated as well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231841566#Greece", "title": "424 BC", "revid": 1231841566, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -420, "year_label": "421 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nicias, the leader of the aristocratic and peace party in Athens and Pleistoanax, King of Sparta, negotiate the Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta, which brings a temporary end to the Peloponnesian War. The essence of the Peace of Nicias is a return to the antebellum period with most wartime gains being returned. Seventeen representatives from each side swear an oath to uphold the treaty, which is meant to last for one generation (30 years: meaning they are not responsible for the next generation's decision). All of Sparta's allies agree to sign the peace except for the Boeotians, Corinth, Elis, and Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172919#Greece", "title": "421 BC", "revid": 1354172919, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Plato, having left Athens on Socrates' death to visit Megara and possibly Egypt, travels to Syracuse at the invitation of Dionysius I's brother-in-law Dion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Art", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -337, "year_label": "338 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Athens arranges an alliance with Euboea, Megara, Achaea, Corinth, Acarnania and some other states in the Peloponnesus. However, the most desirable ally for Athens is Thebes. Therefore, the Athenian leader, Demosthenes, goes to the Boeotian city and secures an alliance with Thebes despite the efforts of a Macedonian deputation to persuade Thebes to join with Macedonia. In return, Athens agrees to Thebes controlling Boeotia, Thebes being in command solely on land and jointly at sea, and Athens paying two thirds of the campaign's cost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172728#Macedonia", "title": "338 BC", "revid": 1354172728, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -307, "year_label": "308 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358626493#Greece", "title": "308 BC", "revid": 1358626493, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -306, "year_label": "307 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius captures Megara and there he restores the old constitution as well.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359452513#Greece", "title": "307 BC", "revid": 1359452513, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -242, "year_label": "243 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman, Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up the Achaean League into a major power in Greece, makes a surprise attack on Corinth and forces the withdrawal of the Macedonian occupation troops. Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus also desert the Macedonian King Antigonus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172722#Greece", "title": "243 BC", "revid": 1354172722, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}]}