{"slug": "mamluk-sultanate", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282428", "qid": "Q282428", "description": "Egyptian state spanning in Hejaz and the Levant (1250–1517)", "entries": 38, "years": 32, "span": [1250, 1517], "span_label": ["1250 CE", "1517 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "also_known_as": ["Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)", "Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt"], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "barquq", "label": "Barquq", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hangzhou", "label": "Hangzhou", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mongol-empire", "label": "Mongol Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "selim-i", "label": "Selim I", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bahri-mamluks", "label": "Bahri Mamluks", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt as the first vizier in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Izz al-Din Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is murdered on orders of his wife, Shajar al-Durr. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Nur al-Din Ali, as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate (until 1259).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Levant", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Aybak, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Deaths", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee: The Egyptians defeat the Mongols, marking their first decisive defeat, and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. Isa ibn Muhanna is appointed amir al-ʿarab under the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Asia", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1265, "year_label": "1265 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267064844#North_Africa_and_Asia", "title": "1265", "revid": 1267064844, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa and Asia"}}, {"year": 1268, "year_label": "1268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318265867#Asia", "title": "1268", "revid": 1318265867, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1270, "year_label": "1270 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Before August – King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade, in an attempt to recapture the Crusader States from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480805#The_Eighth_Crusade", "title": "1270", "revid": 1362480805, "section": "Events › Africa › The Eighth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – English prince the Lord Edward and King Charles I of Anjou arrive in Acre, with a fleet of 30 galleys, starting Lord Edward's crusade (the Ninth) against Baibars. During this crusade they are unable to capture any territory and peace is quickly negotiated with the Mamluk Sultanate. Baibars consolidates his occupation in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Levant", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of al-Jassora: Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center; Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses; the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Middle_East", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Levant", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1293, "year_label": "1293 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December", "text": "December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350578384#Africa", "title": "1293", "revid": 1350578384, "section": "Events › By area › Africa"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Lajin, Egyptian ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Deaths", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1300, "year_label": "1300 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 (13 Safar 700 AH) – After learning that the Mongol Empire plans to stage a new attack on the Middle East, including what is now the area occupied by Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the Mamluk Sultan, Nasir ad-Din Muhammad, leads an army from Cairo to confront the invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363832742#October_–_December", "title": "1300", "revid": 1363832742, "section": "October – December"}}, {"year": 1302, "year_label": "1302 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – In Egypt, Al-Mustakfi I becomes the new Muslim Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, leader of Islam within the Mamluk Sultanate, upon the death of his father, the Caliph Al-Hakim I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362151248#January–March", "title": "1302", "revid": 1362151248, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1315, "year_label": "1315 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cairo, capital of the Mamluk Sultanate becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018303#Cities_and_towns", "title": "1315", "revid": 1332018303, "section": "By topic › Cities and towns"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#Date_unknown", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1361, "year_label": "1361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, is killed by one of his own mamluks, Yalbugha al-Umari, who, with the senior Mamluk emirs, has al-Mansur Muhammad installed as the new sultan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918335#January–December", "title": "1361", "revid": 1364918335, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1361, "year_label": "1361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1334/35)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918335#Deaths", "title": "1361", "revid": 1364918335, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Mamluk raid on Cyprus (1368): Ibrahim al-Tazi completes raid by Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate on the Kingdom of Cyprus and begins sending back captured treasure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#January–March", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Al-Salih Hajji succeeds his older brother, Al-Mansur Ali II as the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Barquq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#April–June", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#Date_unknown", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#Date_unknown", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1393, "year_label": "1393 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia, after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI (although the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561364#Date_unknown", "title": "1393", "revid": 1369561364, "section": "Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in becomes the new Abbasid caliph of Cairo, spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, succeeding his father, Al-Mutawakkil I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#January–March", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#April–June", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt under the leadership of Egyptian general Ibn bint al-Aqsarayi launch a series of military expeditions marking the start of the Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#April–June", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The Adana campaign begins when the Mamluk Sultanate, based in the Middle East, begins a siege to recover the city of Adana (now in Turkey), recently captured by the Ottoman Empire. General Uzbek min Tutuh, Governor of Damascus, leads the Mamluk troops", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#January–March", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate that controls Egypt and what is now Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and parts of Syria, receives an envoy from King George II of Kakheti (now located in the Republic of Georgia) and decides to reopen the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#April–June", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – On Easter Sunday, Afonso de Albuquerque, Governor of Portuguese India, makes an unsuccessful attempt to capture the port city of Aden, on the Arabian Peninsula, from the Mamluk Sultanate, using 20 ships and 2,500 soldiers. The 1,700 Portuguese, along with 800 mercenaries from Malabar, lose at least 100 killed during the attack and retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#January–March", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire captures the city of Malatya (located in what is now southeastern Turkey) as the first conquest in his war against the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then proceeds to invade Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk forces commanded by the sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri in the Battle of Marj Dabiq, bringing all of the Middle East. The Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, is killed while leading his troops in the battle, and Prime Minister Al-Ashraf Tuman Bay, who was left in charge in Cairo by the Sultan Qansuh, becomes the Sultan of Egypt, the last remaining part of the Mamluk Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, and the Mamluk Sultanate falls. The Abbasid Caliphate, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans and the last Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil III, is deported along with his family to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – The Ottoman–Mamluk War officially ends as the Ottoman Empire annexes the Mamluk Sultanate territories in the Middle East (the Levant), the Arabian Peninsula (Hejaz) and Egypt as provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#April–June", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}