{"slug": "lord-protector", "label": "Lord Protector", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512196", "qid": "Q512196", "description": "title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state, including Oliver Cromwell", "entries": 17, "years": 10, "span": [1455, 1660], "span_label": ["1455 CE", "1660 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Lord Protector of England"], "related": [{"slug": "oliver-cromwell", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "commonwealth-of-england", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "richard-of-york-3rd-duke-of-york", "label": "Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lord-mayor-of-london", "label": "Lord Mayor of London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "july", "label": "July", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-vi-of-england", "label": "Henry VI of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "palace-of-westminster", "label": "Palace of Westminster", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lord-high-treasurer", "label": "Lord High Treasurer", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 19", "text": "19 November – The Duke of York is reinstated as Lord Protector, acting as regent for the King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353735880#Events", "title": "1455 in England", "revid": 1353735880, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "25 February – Richard, Duke of York is dismissed as Lord Protector, effectively regent for the King, for the second time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353735894#Events", "title": "1456 in England", "revid": 1353735894, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1456, "year_label": "1456 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – As King Henry VI of England recovers from a three-month bout with mental illness, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York steps down as Protector of the Realm and the King resumes his duties. The Duke of York had served as regent since November 19, and had previously been Lord Protector for 10 months during 1454 and 1455.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371442849#January–March", "title": "1456", "revid": 1371442849, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, the Lord Protector of England and Lord High Treasurer since 1547, is arrested on orders of the Regency Council on charges of \"ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars\" as well as malfeasance and improper use of the royal treasury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#October–December", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, de facto Lord Protector of the Kingdom of England, is created Duke of Northumberland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#October–December", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "16 December – Instrument of Government: Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737265#Events", "title": "1653 in England", "revid": 1353737265, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387520#Events", "title": "1653 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387520, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – London's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title \"Lord Protector\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#April–June", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 26", "text": "26 June – Cromwell is installed as Lord Protector for the second time at a ceremony at Westminster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Richard Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of his father, Oliver Cromwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323597412#Events", "title": "1658 in Ireland", "revid": 1323597412, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Oliver Cromwell dies and his son Richard assumes his father's position as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 3", "text": "3 September – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector (born 1599)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737308#Deaths", "title": "1658 in England", "revid": 1353737308, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the Third Protectorate Parliament, the last for the Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#April–June", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 25", "text": "25 May – Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) resigns as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323597473#Events", "title": "1659 in Ireland", "revid": 1323597473, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – Richard Cromwell, the last Lord Protector of England during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as \"John Clarke\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#July–September", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}