{"slug": "london", "label": "London", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84", "qid": "Q84", "description": "capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom", "entries": 356, "years": 277, "span": [-1399, 2025], "span_label": ["1400 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 101}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 40}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 31}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 27}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 27}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 25}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 25}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 17}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 14}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 14}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 14}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 11}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 10}], "also_known_as": ["London, England"], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "william-shakespeare", "label": "William Shakespeare", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "theatre-royal-drury-lane", "label": "Theatre Royal, Drury Lane", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "british-museum", "label": "British Museum", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "mercia", "label": "Mercia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "palace-of-whitehall", "label": "Palace of Whitehall", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "george-frideric-handel", "label": "George Frideric Handel", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "river-thames", "label": "River Thames", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "westminster-abbey", "label": "Westminster Abbey", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "royal-opera-house", "label": "Royal Opera House", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "globe-theatre", "label": "Globe Theatre", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -1399, "year_label": "1400 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 1400 BC – 1350 BC – Garden of Nebamum (Pond in a Garden) wall painting from the tomb of Nebamum, Thebes. Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. It is now kept in The British Museum, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315282659#Events_and_trends", "title": "1400s BC (decade)", "revid": 1315282659, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1284, "year_label": "1285 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 1285 BC—Judgement of Hunefer before Osiris, illustration from a Book of the Dead is painted (19th Dynasty). It is now in the British Museum at London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296708831#Events_and_trends", "title": "1280s BC", "revid": 1296708831, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -646, "year_label": "647 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Ashurbanipal and his Queen in the Garden, from the palace at Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq), is made. It is now at the British Museum, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510236#Middle_East", "title": "647 BC", "revid": 1370510236, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London. (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Art_and_architecture", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and architecture"}}, {"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "London has its origins on a rise above marshy waters at the point where the Walbrook joins the River Thames. The Celtic king, Belin, rebuilds an earth wall surrounding a few dozen huts and orders a small landing place to be cut into the south side of the wall, along the river front, where a wooden quay is built (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The building of the Mausoleum in Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum in Turkey) is completed (approximate date). It is the grave of the Persian satrap and Carian ruler Mausolos and is built under the direction of his wife Artemisia. The mausoleum, which is considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is today partly preserved at the British Museum in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Art", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A four-drachma coin, picturing Alexander the Great, is issued by Lysimachos from this time until 281 BC. At least one of them is now preserved at the British Museum in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Thrace", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Thrace"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (Londinium), Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Britain", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 50 AD › Britain"}}, {"year": 208, "year_label": "208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Britain is divided: in the north, Lower Britain (Britannia Inferior) is administered from the fortress at Eburacum (modern York), and in the south, Upper Britain (Britannia Superior) is controlled by the legions at Deva Victrix (Chester) and Isca Augusta (Caerleon) with its capital at Londinium (London).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187746#Roman_Empire", "title": "208", "revid": 1371187746, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 296, "year_label": "296 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In this or the previous year, Caesar Constantius I assembles two invasion fleets with the intent of overthrowing the usurper Allectus, who is based in Britain. The first is under the command of Asclepiodotus, Maximian's long-serving Praetorian Prefect. Asclepiodotus sails from the mouth of the Seine, and lands near the Isle of Wight, where his forces defeat Allectus in Hampshire. Allectus is killed in the fighting. Constantius leaves Boulogne with his fleet, and occupies London, where he slaughters some of Allectus' Frankish mercenaries. With this victory, the Romano-British regime first established by Carausius is overthrown, and Britain is re-incorporated into the rest of the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076673#Roman_Empire", "title": "296", "revid": 1267076673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 344, "year_label": "344 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The making of a detail of Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies (attributed to Gu Kaizhi and being from the Six Dynasties period) begins (approximate year) and is completed in 406. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314901826#Art", "title": "344", "revid": 1314901826, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "361–363 – A Julian the Apostate coin is issued. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Art", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "C. 390–401 – Priestess of Bacchus: Late Antiquity ivory diptych; documents the relationship of the senators Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. It commemorates the marriage of the two families. The right panel is inscribed \"Symmachorum\", with an elaborately dressed priestess who makes an offer on an altar. It is now kept at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Art", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mellitus, bishop of London, is exiled by Sexred and his pagan brothers (Sæward and Sigeberht). He is forced to take refuge in Gaul, and returns to England the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Religion", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 666, "year_label": "666 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Earconwald, Anglo-Saxon abbot, establishes the Benedictine abbeys, Chertsey Abbey (Surrey) for men and Barking Abbey (now in east London) for women.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368711664#Religion", "title": "AD 666", "revid": 1368711664, "section": "Events › By place › Religion"}}, {"year": 675, "year_label": "675 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – King Hlothhere of Kent re-establishes Kentish supremacy in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805588#Britain", "title": "675", "revid": 1340805588, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelred of Mercia invades Kent, in an attempt to enforce overlordship and diminish Kentish influence in Surrey and London. His armies destroy the Diocese of Rochester (seat of the bishops in West Kent), and ravage the surrounding countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Britain", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Prince Æthelbald returns from Crowland Fens to Mercia, and seizes the throne after the death of his cousin King Ceolred, who had driven him into exile (see 709). He gains hegemony over London, Essex, and all of the English Midlands. By 731, Æthelbald will have subjugated all provinces south of the Humber River under his overlordship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Britain", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Britain"}}, {"year": 779, "year_label": "779 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Bensington: King Offa of Mercia defeats his rival Cynewulf of Wessex at Bensington (modern-day Oxfordshire). He seizes control of Berkshire, and probably London as well. According to sources of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Offa becomes \"King of All England\". Charlemagne writes a letter to him as \"his dearest brother\", but when Offa refuses to let one of Charlemagne's sons marry one of his daughters, Charlemagne threatens to close the ports to English traders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848243#Britain", "title": "779", "revid": 1340848243, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 780, "year_label": "780 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The city of Aldwych rises as an important trading centre in London, under Mercian control. King Offa of Mercia possibly establishes a royal palace at Aldermanbury, on the site of the old Roman Cripplegate fort and amphitheatre (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753540#Britain", "title": "780", "revid": 1364753540, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Archbishop Hygeberht of Lichfield retires; he is succeeded by Ealdwulf. King Coenwulf of Mercia is on better terms with the archbishopric of Canterbury than his predecessor, and unsuccessfully attempts to have the Mercian archiepiscopal see transferred to London (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Religion", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 851, "year_label": "851 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Danish Viking raiders enter the Thames Estuary, and plunder Canterbury and London. They land at Wembury near Plymouth, but are defeated by Anglo-Saxon forces led by King Ethelwulf of Wessex. His eldest son Æthelstan of Kent, accompanied by Ealdorman Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast at Sandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073715#Britain", "title": "851", "revid": 1267073715, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 871, "year_label": "871 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Danes sail down the River Thames, to raid the Mercian port of Lundenwic (in the London area). Here, over the winter, they divide their spoils.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129558#Europe", "title": "871", "revid": 1341129558, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking leader Guthrum becomes 'king' of East Anglia. A Viking fleet sails up the River Thames, and builds a camp at Fulham (near London) to prepare for an invasion of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Britain", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "King Alfred the Great of Wessex recaptures London from the Danish Vikings, and renames it Lundenburh. Slightly upstream from London Bridge, he builds a small harbor called Queenhithe. Alfred hands the town over to his son-in-law Æthelred, lord of Mercia. A street system is planned out in the town, with boundaries of 1,100 yards from east to west, and around 330 yards from north to south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Britain", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lord Æthelred of Mercia dies. He is buried in St. Oswald's Priory at Gloucester and is succeeded by his wife, Princess Æthelflæd, as Lady of the Mercians. Her brother, King Edward the Elder, insists on taking control of London and Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Britain", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "A great storm sweeps across Wessex and many houses are destroyed, 1,500 in London alone (a significant proportion of the town).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#England", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "St. Paul's Cathedral in London is destroyed by fire, but rebuilt in the same year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Religion", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Danish Viking fleet, under Olaf Tryggvason, sails up the Thames Estuary, and besieges London. King Æthelred II (the Unready) pays Olaf 16,000 lbs of silver (Danegeld).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#England", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard (accompanied by his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again London defends itself and the Vikings move elsewhere, plundering Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria. King Æthelred the Unready sends his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy. Æthelred retreats to the Isle of Wight and follows them later into exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#England", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1016, "year_label": "1016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Brentford (near London): Edmund Ironside defeats the Danes under King Cnut.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261531#Europe", "title": "1016", "revid": 1365261531, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – A solar eclipse is visible from London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#January–March", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1052, "year_label": "1052 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Godwin, Earl of Wessex, sails with a large fleet up the Thames to London, forcing King Edward the Confessor to reinstate him into his previous position of power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350127696#England", "title": "1052", "revid": 1350127696, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Edward the Confessor dies after a 24-year reign at London. The Witenagemot (or Witan) proclaims Harold Godwinson king of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#England_and_Scotland", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Europe › England and Scotland"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – A fire destroys much of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#England", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1088, "year_label": "1088 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365263990#England", "title": "1088", "revid": 1365263990, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – London tornado: A T8 tornado (roughly equal to an F4 on the Fujita scale) occurs in London. The wooden London Bridge is demolished and the church of St. Mary-le-Bow is badly damaged.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Disasters", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By topic › Disasters"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William II orders the construction of Westminster Hall near Westminster Abbey in London. The hall is designed to hold banquets, ceremonies and coronations that take place in the Abbey nearby.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#England", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Merton Priory (previously established at Huntingdon) is consecrated at a site near London. The priory becomes an important centre of learning and diplomacy in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Education", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – Stephen of Blois is crowned at Westminster Abbey in London by Archbishop William de Corbeil. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband Geoffrey V (\"the Fair\") leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#England", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, is mortally wounded by a stray arrow received in a skirmish. Because he is an outlaw, his burial is denied at the monastery he has founded, Walden Abbey. Geoffrey's body is eventually accepted by the Knights Templar community for burial within the Temple Church in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#England", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Eleanor of Aquitaine is held under house arrest at Old Sarum Castle in Wiltshire. She is kept in comfort there – fine clothes for her are dispatched regularly from London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Britain", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Richard de Luci (or Lucy), High Sheriff of Essex, resigns his judicial office. He enters Lesnes Abbey (near London) that he founded in Kent, as penance for his part in the events leading to the murder of Thomas Becket (see 1170). Richard dies there on July 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#England", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Evidence is first uncovered that Henry II of England is using the safes of the Temple Church in London (consecrated February 10), under the guard of the Knights Templar, to store part of his treasure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Markets", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1188, "year_label": "1188 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Henry II institutes legal reforms that give the Crown more control over the administration of justice. He orders Newgate Prison be built in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325547787#England", "title": "1188", "revid": 1325547787, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "London adopts the Cross of St. George, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of Genoa, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#England", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Europe › England"}}, {"year": 1196, "year_label": "1196 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – William Fitz Osbert, a rebel leader, leads an uprising of the poor against the rich in London. He gathers over 52,000 supporters, stocks of weapons are cached throughout the city by breaking into the houses of the rich. Finally, the riots are suppressed and William is hanged, drawn and quartered by orders of Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484493#England", "title": "1196", "revid": 1362484493, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1199, "year_label": "1199 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – John returns to London and chooses people to help him to rule the kingdom. He appoints Archbishop Hubert Walter as his advisor and chancellor. Geoffrey Fitz Peter is chosen as Chief Justiciar and William (the Marshal) becomes Marshal of John's household. On May 27, John is crowned as king of England at Westminster Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187159#Britain", "title": "1199", "revid": 1369187159, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "First evidence that the Temple in London is extending loans to John, King of England. The sums remain small, but are often used for critical operations, such as the ransoming of the king's soldiers captured by the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Economy", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By topic › Economy"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "William of Wrotham, Lord Warden of the Stannaries, oversees a reform of English currency. In keeping with other high-ranking bureaucrats of his time, this is just one of Wrotham's many offices. He is also \"keeper of ports\", the forerunner of the First Lord of the Admiralty, supervisor of the mints of Canterbury and London, ward of the vacant Diocese of Bath and Wells and archdeacon of Taunton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#England", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1208, "year_label": "1208 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – William Marshal is recalled and humiliated by King John at court in London, while John gives his justiciar in Ireland, Meiler Fitzhenry the order to invade Marshal's lands there, burning the town of New Ross.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078934#Europe", "title": "1208", "revid": 1371078934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – First Barons' War: Louis VIII of France sends the barons a contingent of knights to protect London. Louis agrees to an open invasion, despite the discouragement from his father King Philip II of France and from Pope Innocent III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331868111#Events", "title": "1215 in France", "revid": 1331868111, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Prince Louis of France, son of King Philip II (\"Augustus\"), invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. He enters London without opposition, and is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral. In June, Louis captures Rochester Castle and Winchester, and soon controls over half of the English kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France, son of King Philip II, invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. He enters London without opposition, and is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331868281#Events", "title": "1216 in France", "revid": 1331868281, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Battle of Lincoln: Henry III's forces led by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke defeat the French army of Prince Louis and the rebel barons who are besieging Lincoln Castle. During the battle, Thomas, Comte du Perche is killed and Louis is expelled from his base in the southeast of England. The looting that takes place afterward is known as the \"Lincoln Fair\". The citizens of Lincoln are loyal to Louis so Henry's forces sack the city. To the south, inhabitants of towns between Lincoln and London ambush and kill many of the French soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Europe", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Other events by place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Domus Conversorum (\"House of the Converts\"), a building and institution in London for Jewish converts to Christianity, is established by Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#England", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Bethlem Royal Hospital is founded in London during the reign of King Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#British_Isles", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Peter II, Count of Savoy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Arts_and_Culture", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and Culture"}}, {"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Gilbert de Clare leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, during the outbreak of the Second Barons' War. In the meantime, another of de Montfort's followers, John FitzJohn, leads a massacre against the Jews in London. The Jewish communities of Northampton, Winchester, Cambridge, and Lincoln are looted. The archæ (official chest of records) is destroyed or deposited at the headquarters of de Montfort's supporters at Ely.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#British_Isles", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Chesterfield: English forces led by Henry of Almain, son of Richard of Cornwall, defeat rebels under Robert de Ferrers in a minor skirmish at Chesterfield. Robert is taken as a prisoner to London, and at the Parliament of England disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund Crouchback, second son of King Henry III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#England", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Royal Mint is moved into the Tower of London. Mints outside London are reduced, with only a few local and episcopal mints continuing to operate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#England", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Religion", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – Edward I travels with the body of Queen Eleanor from Lincoln to London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests overnight. These are known as the twelve Eleanor crosses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Britain", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\") and leaves Flanders. He returns to London and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#British_Isles", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "King Edward I of England is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the Frescobaldi Firm in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Markets", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1305, "year_label": "1305 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader and knight, is captured near Glasgow at Robroyston, by English troops led by John de Menteith. He is transported to London and led, crowned mockingly with laurel, in procession to Westminster Hall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297125288#July_–_September", "title": "1305", "revid": 1297125288, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1305, "year_label": "1305 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297125288#July_–_September", "title": "1305", "revid": 1297125288, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Robert the Bruce is crowned king of Scotland by Bishop William de Lamberton at Scone, near Perth. Despite lacking the traditional coronation stone, diadem and scepter, all of which have transferred to London. During the ceremony, the Scottish nobles of Atholl, Lennox, Mar and Menteith are present – while the 18-year-old Elizabeth de Burgh is crowned queen of Scots. The coronation takes place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after King Edward I of England, strips John de Baliol of his crown as King of Scots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#January_–_March", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – King Edward II travels from London, after he is proclaimed king and continues north into Scotland, where he receives homage from his Scottish supporters at Dumfries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#July_–_September", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1326, "year_label": "1326 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Invasion of England: Isabella of France and her supporters (including Roger Mortimer) land at the River Orwell in Suffolk. Their aim is to remove King Edward II from his throne and place Prince Edward there as the new ruler. Meanwhile, residing at the Tower of London, Edward tries to raise support in the capital, but instead, there is anarchy in London and mobs killing Edward's officials (including his treasurer, Walter de Stapledon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237136#July_–_September", "title": "1326", "revid": 1367237136, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – The 14-year-old Crown Prince, Edward, is proclaimed King of England in London, with his mother Isabella serving as his regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#January_–_March", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "By June 24 – The Black Death pandemic reaches England, having probably been brought across the English Channel by fleas on rats aboard a ship from Gascony to the south coast port of Melcombe (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset); by November it will have reached London and by 1350 will have killed one third to a half of its population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#January–December", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – The two-day Battle of Sluys concludes on the North Sea off of the coast of the Netherlands as England's Royal Navy, led by the Admiral, Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester attempts to blockade the Flemish port of Sluis and more than 100 ships stationed there. Jean de Vienne, Admiral of France, makes a successful counter-attack and the Royal Navy ships sail back to England to defend London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#April–June", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – After the Fleet Street riot in London, King Richard II of England summons Lord Mayor of London, John Hende, along with the London sheriff and deputies, and aldermen to appear before him at Nottingham Castle on June 25 for a hearing on unspecified charges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#April–June", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "John Rykener, also known as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, is arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated on December 11, 1394. The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#Date_unknown", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "October–December › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – King Henry IV of England is married by proxy to Joan of Navarre in a ceremony at the Eltham Palace near London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Oldcastle Revolt, led by John Oldcastle as an uprising by the Lollards in England against King Henry V, begins at St. Giles' Fields. King Henry's troops, stationed at Clerkenwell Priory in London, halt the rebellion the next day and capture 80 rebels who are later convicted of and executed for treason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#January–March", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1416, "year_label": "1416 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Unable to reach an agreement with France, King Sigismund of Germany travels to London, where he is welcomed by King Henry V of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829186#April–June", "title": "1416", "revid": 1368829186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – On Hallowtide, by order of the Lord May Henry Barton, street lighting is first used in London, with lanterns to be hung out on winter evenings, lasting until the night of Candlemas on February 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#October–December", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – While negotiating his release from captivity, King James of Scotland is allowed to be married to Joan Beaufort in London, with a ceremony taking place at Southwark Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#January–March", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of Solefields (Sevenoaks): Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#April–June", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The Loveday is staged in London, by which Henry VI of England attempts to unite the warring factions who have triggered the Wars of the Roses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371245383#January–March", "title": "1458", "revid": 1371245383, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1458, "year_label": "1458 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March – The Love Day is staged in London, by which Henry VI of England attempts to unite the warring factions who have triggered the Wars of the Roses", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353735912#Events", "title": "1458 in England", "revid": 1353735912, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1505, "year_label": "1505 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Pomander Watch of 1505, the earliest known pocket watch, is made by Peter Henlein in Germany at Nuremberg. After an absence of 480 years, the watch will be rediscovered at a flea market in London; an inscription on the watch, \"MDVPHN\", will be interpreted in 2014 as meaning a rendition of the year (MDV, 1505 in Roman numerals); the inventor (PH for Peter Henlein) and the place of manufacture (N for Nuremberg).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582113#Date_unknown", "title": "1505", "revid": 1360582113, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – The Mary Rose ship is laid out. The next year the ship is launched on July 29, 1511, and is afterwards towed to London to be fitted, and is finally completed in 1512. In 1545, during the Battle of the Solent, she sank. The reason for her sinking is disputed with contemporary accounts claiming the ship was heeled over or sank by French ships with gunfire, although modern historians believe it was sunk due to being unstable.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#January–March", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland, while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London, with neither of the two seeing each other.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Irish noble James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, the chief opponent of the policies of Sir Anthony St Leger, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland up until April 1, is fatally poisoned after being invited to the Ely Palace near London. Ormond dies 11 days later, and no investigation is carried out by the Crown as to whether St Leger is involved. St Leger becomes the Lord Deputy again less than three weeks after Ormond's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#October—December", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – The fifth, and final outbreak of sweating sickness in England reaches London, as documented by Henry Machyn in his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that \"ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd.\" (\"There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified.\") John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose Poete Virgill, the first complete translation of any major work of classical antiquity into one of the English languages, is published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#Date_unknown", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1554, "year_label": "1554 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649182#January–March", "title": "1554", "revid": 1366649182, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the \"Stratford Martyrs\", are burned at the stake at Stratford-le-Bow near London after being convicted of heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#April–June", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes The Whetstone of Witte in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign, and the first use in English of plus and minus signs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#Date_unknown", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1561, "year_label": "1561 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "William Baldwin's Beware the Cat (written early 1553), an early example of extended fiction (specifically horror fiction) in English, is published anonymously in London. This edition appears to have been suppressed, and no copies survive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358043209#Date_unknown", "title": "1561", "revid": 1358043209, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Shane O'Neill of Tír Eoghain pleads his cause at the Palace of Whitehall in London, before Queen Elizabeth I of England, who recognises his status. He returns to Ireland on May 26, and resumes his rebellious activities by November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#January–March", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Shane O'Neill pleads his cause at the Palace of Whitehall in London before Elizabeth I of England, who recognises him as \"The O'Neill\" and \"of Tír Eoghain\". He returns to Ireland on 26 May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318940302#Events", "title": "1562 in Ireland", "revid": 1318940302, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1563, "year_label": "1563 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 (January 2, 1563 O.S., January 11, 1563 N.S.) – The convocation of bishops and clerics of the Church of England is opened at St Paul's Cathedral in London by the Dean of the Arches, Robert Weston to agree upon the wording of what will become the Thirty-nine Articles, with the assembly adopting all but three of the Forty-two Articles promulgated during the reign of King Edward VI in 1553. The conference lasts for three months before agreeing upon the Articles to be submitted for further modification.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164885#January–March", "title": "1563", "revid": 1369164885, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1571, "year_label": "1571 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Royal Exchange opens in London, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369367955#January–March", "title": "1571", "revid": 1369367955, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The city of London begins publishing the Bill of Mortality, the first regular data of deaths from an epidemic, as the government reports its weekly survey of the number of burials in the 113 parishes of London of deaths from bubonic plague. The death statistics continue to be published until December 18, 1595.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#October–December", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – \"Dutch church libel\" bills posted in London threaten Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands, alluding to Christopher Marlowe's plays.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#April–June", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – The earliest known performance of William Shakespeare's play The Comedy of Errors takes place at Gray's Inn in London, and is played by the Lord Chamberlain's Men acting company. The production is held before members of the English court on Innocents' Day as part of the Gray's Inn Christmas festivities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#October–December", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – What is probably the first performance of William Shakespeare's play, Richard II, takes place in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#October–December", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – Queen Elizabeth of England appoints George Nicholson as the English Resident in Scotland, the London's chief diplomatic official to Edinburgh, with a letter of accreditation for Nicholson to present to King James VI of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#October–December", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Nine Years' War: Edmund Spenser's castle at Kilcolman, near Doneraile in North Cork, is burned down by O'Neill's native Irish forces. Spenser leaves for London shortly afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247428473#Events", "title": "1598 in Ireland", "revid": 1247428473, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – At Southwark, near London on the south bank of the River Thames, the land upon which the Globe Theatre will be built is leased by Nicholas Brend to a team of investors led by William Shakespeare, Thomas Pope, actors Cuthbert and Richard Burbage, and three others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#January–March", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Essex leaves London with a large force to pursue a military campaign in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247428499#Events", "title": "1599 in Ireland", "revid": 1247428499, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The first reported performance at the Globe Theatre in London (erected over Spring/Summer), a presentation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (probably new to that year), is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#July–September", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 (Candlemas night) – In London, the first known production of William Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night takes place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#January–March", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – More than seven months after their July 25, 1603 coronation, King James I and Anne, Queen consort make the traditional Royal Entry to London. The ceremonies have been postponed from 1603 because of the ongoing plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#January–March", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1604, "year_label": "1604 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The last of the 18 sessions of the English and Spanish peace conference is held at the Old Somerset House in London, with the parties reaching an agreement on terms of a treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348862771#July–September", "title": "1604", "revid": 1348862771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – King Christian IV of Denmark, as the guest of his brother-in-law, King James of England, Scotland and Ireland, is welcomed at London, and the two monarchs are driven by coaches to a banquet at Theobalds House at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire. They are entertained by playwright Ben Jonson's play, The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#July–September", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August", "text": "August (approx.) – Possible first performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#July–September", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedie of Macbeth, is given its first performance, staged at the Globe Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#April–June", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – The Authorized King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time, printed by Robert Barker in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#April–June", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The first known performance of William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, probably new this year, is given at the Globe Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#April–June", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Fire destroys London's famed Globe Theatre, during a performance of Shakespeare's Henry VIII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#April–June", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The New River is opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#July–September", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – On Shrove Tuesday, angry rioters burn down London's Cockpit Theatre because of its increase in the price of admission to its plays. Three rioters are killed when the actors at the theater defend themselves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#January–March", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Ben Jonson's play Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue is given its premiere performance, presented at the Palace of Whitehall in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#January–March", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point, which will become Dover, New Hampshire, is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#Date_unknown", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "13 November – Battle of Turnham Green: Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737168#Events", "title": "1642 in England", "revid": 1353737168, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – The New Model Army marches into London, \"fulfilling the worst nightmares of Presbyterian MPs,\" and restores the members of Parliament who were deposed on July 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#July–September", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The Puritan law enforcers of the Commonwealth of England raid the Red Bull Theatre in London for violations of the laws against performance of plays and arrest the actors, as well as confiscating their property.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#October–December", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Barebone's Parliament, named for a prominent Puritan member, Praise-God Barebone, opens its session in London with elected representatives to pass laws for the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#July–September", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – London's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "8 January – Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April", "text": "April – first stage coach services advertised: 4-day trips from London to Exeter, York and Chester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737308#Events", "title": "1658 in England", "revid": 1353737308, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and advances towards London in support of Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February", "text": "February – John Rhodes reopens the old Cockpit Theatre in London, forms a company of young actors and begins to stage plays. His production of Pericles will be the first Shakespearean performance of the Restoration era; Thomas Betterton makes his stage debut in the title role.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 28", "text": "28 June – Lisle's Tennis Court in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London is opened as a playhouse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737330#Events", "title": "1661 in England", "revid": 1353737330, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Abraham Cowley's comedy The Cutter of Coleman Street premieres at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Playhouse in London as a production of the Duke's Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#October–December", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "c. January – John Graunt, in one of the earliest uses of statistics, publishes information about births and deaths in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737338#Events", "title": "1662 in England", "revid": 1353737338, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 19", "text": "19 May – The Licensing of the Press Act restricts London printers to a total of 24. Books printed abroad are prohibited. Roger L'Estrange is granted a warrant to seize seditious books or pamphlets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737338#Events", "title": "1662 in England", "revid": 1353737338, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The King's Theatre, now called \"Drury Lane\", opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#April–June", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 7", "text": "7 May – opening of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737344#Events", "title": "1663 in England", "revid": 1353737344, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Francis Child enters the London goldsmith's business which, as the private banking house of Child & Co., will continue into the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372941052#Undated", "title": "1664 in England", "revid": 1372941052, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "John Evelyn's Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber is published in London, in book form.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#Date_unknown", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "March – Nell Gwyn, perhaps aged just 15, makes her first definitely recorded appearance as an actress on the London stage, in John Dryden's heroic drama The Indian Emperour, having previously been a theatre orange-seller.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737361#Events", "title": "1665 in England", "revid": 1353737361, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – A \"day of humiliation and fasting\" is held in London churches a month after the Great Fire of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#October–December", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – John Dryden's comedy Sir Martin Mar-all, or The Feign'd Innocence is given its first performance, presented by the players of the King's Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The Bawdy House Riots of 1668 take place in London when a group of English Dissenters begins attacking brothels, initially as a protest against the harsh enforcement of laws against private worshippers and the lack of enforcement of laws against prostitution. Over a period of three days, rioters who join in the violence destroy brothels in the London districts of Poplar, Moorfields, East Smithfield, St Leonard's, Shoreditch, St Andrew's and Holborn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Duke of York's Theatre is opened in London by the players of the Duke's Company, rivals to the \"King's Company\" at the Theatre Royal, which burns down two months later. The site is now the Dorset Garden Theatre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#October–December", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Richard Hoare becomes a partner in the London goldsmith's business which, as private banking house C. Hoare & Co., will survive through to the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#Undated", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 25", "text": "25 January – the Theatre Royal in Bridges Street in London burns down, forcing the King's Company to relocate to the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre while the Theatre Royal is rebuilt in Drury Lane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – John Dryden's play Marriage à la Mode first performed in London by the King's Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 3", "text": "3 July – Elkanah Settle's play The Empress of Morocco first publicly performed at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London by the Duke's Company and published with illustrations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360074887#Events", "title": "1673 in England", "revid": 1360074887, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Bethlem Hospital, London, moves to new buildings in Moorfields, designed by Robert Hooke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361434959#Undated", "title": "1675 in England", "revid": 1361434959, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Reconstruction of St Paul's Cathedral begins in London under the direction of Christopher Wren, to replace the portion destroyed by the Great Fire of London nine years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#April–June", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 21", "text": "21 June – reconstruction of St Paul's Cathedral in London under Christopher Wren begins to replace that destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361434959#Events", "title": "1675 in England", "revid": 1361434959, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London; construction begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#July–September", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London, designed by Wren, is completed this summer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737473#Undated", "title": "1676 in England", "revid": 1353737473, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – English magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey is found murdered in Primrose Hill, London. His death is seen as proof of the \"Popish Plot\" to the public.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#October–December", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 17", "text": "17 October – magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey is found murdered in Primrose Hill, London. Titus Oates claims it as a proof of his allegations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737510#Events", "title": "1678 in England", "revid": 1353737510, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the British Whigs, organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#October–December", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1682, "year_label": "1682 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 11", "text": "11 March – work begins on construction of the Royal Hospital Chelsea for old soldiers in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642347#Events", "title": "1682 in England", "revid": 1367642347, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The first organised street lighting is introduced by the city of London in England, as Edward Hemming begins carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an oil lamp \"at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25\" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#July–September", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 (November 5 OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers. He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 13", "text": "13 February – the Protestant William, Prince of Orange, and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Ireland and Scotland in London following the deposition of the Catholic James II at the end of 1688 but are not yet recognised in Ireland or Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366636271#Events", "title": "1689 in Ireland", "revid": 1366636271, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – The play Amphitryon by John Dryden, based on Molière's 1668 play of the same name, receives its first performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#October–December", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Near South Mimms, England, several highwaymen stop a convoy carrying taxes from the Midlands to London and take £15,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#October–December", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – Barclays, which will continue to be active into the 21st century as a multinational bank and lending institution, is founded in London by John Freame and Thomas Gould as Freame & Gould. The bank changes its name in 1736 when James Barclay becomes a partner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#October–December", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#April–June", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 9", "text": "9 April – a fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737690#Events", "title": "1691 in England", "revid": 1353737690, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 2", "text": "2 May – first performance of Henry Purcell's semi-opera The Fairy-Queen at the Queen's Theatre, Dorset Garden, in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737702#Events", "title": "1692 in England", "revid": 1353737702, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Vertue rewarded, or The Irish princess, an early romance novel set in Clonmel during the Williamite War in Ireland, is published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329065303#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1693 in Ireland", "revid": 1329065303, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January", "text": "January – Colley Cibber's play Love's Last Shift is first performed in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#January–March", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Palace of Whitehall in London, England is destroyed by fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#January–March", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the oldest Anglican mission organization in the world, is founded by English clergyman Thomas Bray and four other people at Lincoln's Inn in London, along with Sir Humphrey Mackworth, Maynard Colchester, Lord Guilford and John Hooke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#January–March", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December — Nicholas Rowe's play Tamerlane premieres at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London; its pro-Whig views make it popular amongst supporters of King William and the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365195016#Events", "title": "1701 in England", "revid": 1365195016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Jonathan Swift publishes his first major satires, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386654#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1704 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386654, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Opening of the Twinings tea shop in London, still open as of the 21st century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737903#Events", "title": "1706 in England", "revid": 1353737903, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – George Farquhar's Restoration comedy The Recruiting Officer first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386675#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1706 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386675, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The first modern edition of William Shakespeare's plays is published in London, edited by Nicholas Rowe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#Date_unknown", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Christopher Slaughterford of London is executed in Guildford for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern England executed for murder based exclusively on circumstantial evidence, and he maintains his innocence to the last.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, premieres at the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#January–March", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 14", "text": "14 April – first performance, in London, of Joseph Addison's libertarian play Cato, a Tragedy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835729#Events", "title": "1713 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835729, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 2", "text": "2 February – Nicholas Rowe's tragedy Jane Shore premieres at the Drury Lane Theatre in London and is a popular success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301355538#Events", "title": "1714 in Great Britain", "revid": 1301355538, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – the Scriblerus Club, an informal group of literary friends, is formed by Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, John Arbuthnot (at whose London house they meet), Thomas Parnell, Henry St. John and Robert Harley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301355538#Events", "title": "1714 in Great Britain", "revid": 1301355538, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Rioting begins in England on the birthday of King George I as supporters of the Old Pretender, James of the House of Stuart, begin mass protesting against the rule of the House of Hanover, near London in the towns of Smithfield and Highgate, and the Cheapside financial district in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Fifty people are killed, and 150 houses burned, when a fire breaks out in Wapping, London. The blaze comes two days after a fire at the Spring Gardens at St. James's, London, which destroyed the French Chapel there and which was put out by several rescuers, including the future King George II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#October–December", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, was arrested in London for a plot to assist the Pretender to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738082#Events", "title": "1717 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738082, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245148#Events", "title": "1717 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245148, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Premier Grand Lodge of England, the Modern and first Free-Masonic Grand Lodge (which merges with the Ancient Grand Lodge of England in 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England), is founded in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#April–June", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Water Music by George Frederick Handel is first performed, on a Thames barge in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#July–September", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what will later become the Ancient Order of Druids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#July–September", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Fifty people are killed, and 150 houses burned, when a fire breaks out in Wapping, London. The blaze comes two days after a fire at the Spring Gardens at St. James's, London, which destroyed the French Chapel there and which was put out by several rescuers, including the future King George II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 29", "text": "29 December – Haymarket Theatre opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245214#Events", "title": "1720 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245214, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Regular mail service between London and New England is established.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#Date_unknown", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Thomas Guy founds Guy's Hospital in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360781866#Undated", "title": "1721 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360781866, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "William Wood commences the minting (in London) of copper halfpence and farthings for circulation in Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386401#Events", "title": "1722 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386401, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 20", "text": "20 February – Giulio Cesare in Egitto, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, is premiered in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245370#Events", "title": "1724 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245370, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 20", "text": "20 October – dedication of St Martin-in-the-Fields church in London as designed by James Gibbs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324856151#Events", "title": "1726 in Great Britain", "revid": 1324856151, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – The Beggar's Opera, the most popular theatrical production of the 18th century, is performed for the first time. The premiere takes place at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London. Written by John Gay with music arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch, the ballad opera is a satire of Italian opera.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#January–March", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Opening of Dr Williams's Library in London as a research centre for nonconformist theology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835699#Undated", "title": "1729 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835699, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Chiswick House in London, a pioneering example of English Palladian revival architecture, is designed by its owner Richard Boyle with William Kent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835699#Undated", "title": "1729 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835699, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953089#Events", "title": "1730 in Canada", "revid": 1349953089, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "14 February – first performance of Henry Fielding's comedy The Modern Husband, at the Royal Theatre on Drury Lane in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360140531#Events", "title": "1732 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360140531, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 23", "text": "23 January – first performance of George Frideric Handel's opera Orlando, at the His Majesty's Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835385#Events", "title": "1733 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835385, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Bank of England moves to its continuing location in Threadneedle Street in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295944567#Undated", "title": "1734 in Great Britain", "revid": 1295944567, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Society of Dilettanti founded in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295944567#Undated", "title": "1734 in Great Britain", "revid": 1295944567, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Thomas Carte's An History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormonde begins publication in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313133873#Events", "title": "1735 in Ireland", "revid": 1313133873, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Alexander Pope's poem Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot is published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#January–March", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 17", "text": "17 April - Frederick, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360143296#Events", "title": "1736 in Wales", "revid": 1360143296, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – riots in east London protesting at Irish immigrants to England providing cheap labour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386319#Events", "title": "1736 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386319, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "27 July – riots in east London protesting at Irish immigrants providing cheap labour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307867332#Events", "title": "1736 in Great Britain", "revid": 1307867332, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Fetter Lane Society is founded by followers of the Moravian Church in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1237000775#Events", "title": "1738 in Great Britain", "revid": 1237000775, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, premieres in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363165384#April–June", "title": "1738", "revid": 1363165384, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 15", "text": "15 April – première in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1237000775#Events", "title": "1738 in Great Britain", "revid": 1237000775, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1739, "year_label": "1739 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 17", "text": "17 October – the Foundling Hospital in London, established by Thomas Coram, is granted its royal charter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835629#Events", "title": "1739 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835629, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#July–September", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September – construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835314#Events", "title": "1742 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835314, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 21", "text": "21 February – premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369569595#January_to_June", "title": "1743 in Great Britain", "revid": 1369569595, "section": "Events › January to June"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat is beheaded at Tower Hill, London, for high treason. He was the last person in Britain to be beheaded, although beheading would not be formally abolished until more than 200 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#April–June", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 8", "text": "8 February – an earthquake is felt in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835160#Events", "title": "1750 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835160, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – Westminster Bridge is officially opened in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#October–December", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 29", "text": "29 January – after a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. The following criminal trial causes uproar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835186#Events", "title": "1753 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835186, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Marine Society is founded in London, the world's oldest seafarers' charity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#April–June", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 6", "text": "6 May – asylum confinement of Christopher Smart: poet Christopher Smart is confined to St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363061643#Events", "title": "1757 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363061643, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – An earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#January–March", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 8", "text": "8 February – an earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325432011#Events", "title": "1761 in Great Britain", "revid": 1325432011, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – A severe epidemic of influenza breaks out in London and \"practically the entire population of the city\" is afflicted; particularly contagious to pregnant women, the disease causes an unusual number of miscarriages and premature births.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#April–June", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January", "text": "January – the \"Cock Lane ghost\" appears in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276244439#Events", "title": "1762 in Great Britain", "revid": 1276244439, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 17", "text": "17 May – The Exhibition of 1762 is staged by the Society of Artists of Great Britain at Pall Mall in London", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276244439#Events", "title": "1762 in Great Britain", "revid": 1276244439, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 16", "text": "16 May – James Boswell is introduced to Samuel Johnson at Thomas Davies's bookshop in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835109#Events", "title": "1763 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835109, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1767, "year_label": "1767 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The Earl of Shelburne, British Secretary of State for the Southern Department (which has jurisdiction over Britain's American colonies) fires the unpopular Governor of West Florida, George Johnstone, and summons him back to London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587024#January–March", "title": "1767", "revid": 1365587024, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1767, "year_label": "1767 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – At the Foundling Hospital in London, Dr. William Watson becomes the first physician to conduct a controlled clinical trial, selecting 32 boys and girls of similar age who have not yet had smallpox. He divides them into three groups in order to test treatments before inoculation for smallpox, with one group receiving a mixture of mercury and jalap, another senna glycoside, and the third getting no pre-treatment at all.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587024#October_–December", "title": "1767", "revid": 1365587024, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 9", "text": "9 January – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324355352#Events", "title": "1768 in Great Britain", "revid": 1324355352, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1769, "year_label": "1769 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 19", "text": "19 November – Blackfriars Bridge across the River Thames in London opens to traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356128438#Events", "title": "1769 in Great Britain", "revid": 1356128438, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 15", "text": "15 March – first performance of Oliver Goldsmith's comedy She Stoops to Conquer at the Covent Garden Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809968#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1773 in Ireland", "revid": 1368809968, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 17", "text": "17 January – Richard Brinsley Sheridan's first play, the comedy of manners The Rivals, is premiered at the Covent Garden Theatre, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296793815#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1775 in Ireland", "revid": 1296793815, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 17", "text": "17 January – first performance of Richard Brinsley Sheridan's comedy of manners The Rivals at the Covent Garden Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372308677#Events", "title": "1775 in Great Britain", "revid": 1372308677, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "First performance of Richard Brinsley Sheridan's play The Critic at the Drury Lane Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350799745#Events", "title": "1779 in Great Britain", "revid": 1350799745, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – An Anti-Catholic mob led by Lord George Gordon marches on the Parliament of Great Britain, leading to the outbreak of the Gordon Riots in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370564554#April–June", "title": "1780", "revid": 1370564554, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 2", "text": "2 June – an Anti-Catholic mob led by Lord George Gordon marches on Parliament leading to the outbreak of the Gordon Riots in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275834830#Events", "title": "1780 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275834830, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 10", "text": "10 October – Sarah Siddons makes a triumphant return to the Drury Lane Theatre in London in the title role of Garrick's adaptation of Thomas Southerne's Isabella, or, The Fatal Marriage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363776945#Events", "title": "1782 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363776945, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Henry Cavendish's paper to the Royal Society of London, Experiments on Air, reveals the molecular composition of water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#January–March", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 2", "text": "2 August – the first mail coach runs between Bristol and London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323077518#Events", "title": "1784 in Great Britain", "revid": 1323077518, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August", "text": "August – British Cabinet approves the establishment of a penal colony at Botany Bay to serve as \"a remedy for the evils likely to result from the late alarming and numerous increase of felons in this country and more particularly in the metropolis\" (London).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275834961#Events", "title": "1786 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275834961, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The first edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, is published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#January–March", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 23", "text": "23 June – alleged London Monster arrested in London: he later receives two years for three assaults.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292610790#Events", "title": "1790 in Great Britain", "revid": 1292610790, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349955602#Events", "title": "1801 in Canada", "revid": 1349955602, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March – The first British census is carried out. The count is conducted by clergy, overseers of the poor and schoolmasters. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316268350#Events", "title": "1801 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1316268350, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 27", "text": "27 August – West India Docks, first commercial docks in London, open.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360275247#Events", "title": "1802 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360275247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 27", "text": "27 April – The Ferret arrives in London with Te Mahanga (Moehanga) aboard. He is the first Māori known to have visited England. In London he is rejoined by John Savage who left the ship at Cork. While in London Te Mahanga meets King George III and Queen Charlotte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368078769#Events", "title": "1806 in New Zealand", "revid": 1368078769, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 20", "text": "20 September – The original Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London is destroyed by fire along with most of the scenery, costumes and scripts. Rebuilding begins in December.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371917174#Events", "title": "1808 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1371917174, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – The Apodaca–Canning treaty is signed in London between Britain and Spain", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 18", "text": "18 September – A new Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (pictured) opens in London to replace the first burnt down in 1808. An increase in ticket prices causes the Old Price Riots which last for 64 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311766829#Events", "title": "1809 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1311766829, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "7–19 December – Ratcliff Highway murders in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324355371#Events", "title": "1811 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1324355371, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – The Carlton House Fête is held at the Prince Regent's London residence Carlton House to celebrate the establishment of the Regency era.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#April–June", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 19", "text": "19 June – The Carlton House Fête is held at Carlton House in London. A costly and extravagant event it celebrated the beginning of the Regency era.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324355371#Events", "title": "1811 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1324355371, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 14", "text": "14 January – The third-coldest month in the CET series with an average of −2.9 allows the last River Thames frost fair in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358089664#January", "title": "1814 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1358089664, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1814, "year_label": "1814 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 26", "text": "26 January – Actor Edmund Kean makes his London debut in an adult leading role as Shylock at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358089664#January", "title": "1814 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1358089664, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March – The Blanketeers set out to march from Manchester to London; on 11 March, 160 are arrested at Stockport.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363326613#Events", "title": "1817 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1363326613, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 25", "text": "25 September – Dr James Blundell carries out the first blood transfusion using human blood, in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352610021#Events", "title": "1818 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1352610021, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 20", "text": "20 March – Burlington Arcade opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276595203#Events", "title": "1819 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1276595203, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – The Cato Street Conspiracy, a plot to assassinate Britain's Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, and his Cabinet is thwarted when police in London arrest 13 plotters after being warned by an informant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#January–March", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – The Cato Street conspirators are the last to suffer judicial decapitation in the UK following their public hanging for treason outside Newgate Prison in London (legally, a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain of hanging, drawing and quartering).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342488427#Events", "title": "1820 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1342488427, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 27", "text": "27 November – Outside Newgate Prison in London, William Reading becomes the last person to be hanged for shoplifting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319401517#Events", "title": "1822 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1319401517, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "17 March – Anglo-Dutch Treaty signed in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353133511#Events", "title": "1824 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1353133511, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 2", "text": "2 April – The British government buys John Julius Angerstein's art collection for £60,000 for the purpose of establishing a National Gallery in London which opens to the public in his former townhouse on 10 May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353133511#Events", "title": "1824 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1353133511, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In exile, José María de Torrijos y Uriarte and Manuel Flores Calderón form the Liberal Board in London, with Torrijos as military chief.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370517041#Events", "title": "1827 in Spain", "revid": 1370517041, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 10", "text": "10 November – A banquet is held in the Thames Tunnel under construction in London, attended by the Duke of Wellington and Isambard Kingdom Brunel", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324208607#Events", "title": "1827 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1324208607, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1829, "year_label": "1829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – The bloodless Wellington–Winchilsea duel takes place at Battersea near London", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371400114#January–March", "title": "1829", "revid": 1371400114, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firefighters are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352223718#January–March", "title": "1830", "revid": 1352223718, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1830, "year_label": "1830 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 5", "text": "5 February – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firemen are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333513862#Events", "title": "1830 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1333513862, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The house which will eventually contain Abbey Road Studios is built in the St John's Wood district of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351267176#Undated", "title": "1831 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1351267176, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 12", "text": "12 February – Second cholera pandemic begins to spread in London, starting from East London. It is officially declared over in early May but deaths continue. It will claim at least 3000 victims. In Liverpool, Kitty Wilkinson becomes the \"Saint of the Slums\" by promoting hygiene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365870164#Events", "title": "1832 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1365870164, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Harrods founded as a wholesale tea dealer in Stepney in the East End of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351257264#Undated", "title": "1834 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1351257264, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 10", "text": "10 January – A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362628622#Events", "title": "1838 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1362628622, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 4", "text": "4 May – William Wakefield of the New Zealand Company leaves from London for New Zealand on the Tory", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267265053#Events", "title": "1839 in New Zealand", "revid": 1267265053, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 & 19 – London debtor's prisons the Fleet Prison and Marshalsea are closed and inmates transferred to Queen's Bench Prison. Pentonville Prison for criminals is completed in north London this year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#October–December", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Serial publication of Charles Dickens's novel Martin Chuzzlewit begins in London; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366016136#January–March", "title": "1843", "revid": 1366016136, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1846, "year_label": "1846 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 3", "text": "3 April – Last London-based mail coach runs to Norwich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341040792#Events", "title": "1846 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1341040792, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1846, "year_label": "1846 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 21", "text": "21 December – Scottish-born surgeon Robert Liston carries out the first operation under anesthesia in Europe, at University College Hospital in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254608#Events", "title": "1846 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254608, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Robert Gray is ordained as the first Bishop of Cape Town in Westminster Abbey, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368952234#Events", "title": "1847 in South Africa", "revid": 1368952234, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The \"Childe Herold\", a British ship en route from Bombay to London is wrecked off Dassen Island, Cape Colony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269184146#Events", "title": "1850 in South Africa", "revid": 1269184146, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 31", "text": "31 March – the paddle steamer RMS Royal Adelaide, bound from Cork to London, sinks in the English Channel with the loss of all 250 on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333979579#Events", "title": "1850 in Ireland", "revid": 1333979579, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – The Reuters news service is founded in London", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#October–December", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1852, "year_label": "1852 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tenant farmer Michael O'Regan emigrates from County Tipperary to London. He will become paternal great-grandfather to Ronald Reagan, President of the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363475327#Events", "title": "1852 in Ireland", "revid": 1363475327, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 15", "text": "15 July – The Glaspalast is opened in Munich. A giant glass building modelled on London's Crystal Palace, it houses an industrial exhibition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330910298#Events", "title": "1854 in Germany", "revid": 1330910298, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The Daily Telegraph newspaper begins publication in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#April–June", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 5", "text": "5 March – A fire destroys Covent Garden Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368309565#Events", "title": "1856 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1368309565, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 5", "text": "5 March – In London, barrister James Townsend Saward receives a sentence of penal transportation for forgery of cheques.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352089590#Events", "title": "1857 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1352089590, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 9", "text": "9 July – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360465223#Events", "title": "1860 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360465223, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 20", "text": "20 February – storms damage the Crystal Palace in London and cause the collapse of the steeple of Chichester Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330919965#Events", "title": "1861 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1330919965, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October", "text": "Standard Bank of British South Africa Limited is established in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269184255", "title": "1862 in South Africa", "revid": 1269184255, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Emmy Rappe are sent to Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at St Thomas' Hospital in London in order to be educated in nursing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279558619#Events", "title": "1866 in Sweden", "revid": 1279558619, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – The Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain in London, the world's oldest such society.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#January", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 –The first message by electric telegraph using the Great Britain to India submarine cable is sent from London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#June", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 30", "text": "30 November – the first unofficial international Association football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the approval of the Football Association (FA) at The Oval, London. The Scotland team is selected by the FA from players in the London area with Scottish connections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353739919#Events", "title": "1870 in Scotland", "revid": 1353739919, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1871, "year_label": "1871 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The first cat show is held at the Crystal Palace of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649173#July–September", "title": "1871", "revid": 1368649173, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 9", "text": "9 June – Alexandra Palace entertainment venue in north London is destroyed by fire only a fortnight after its opening.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275822928#Events", "title": "1873 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1275822928, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique, with a first run of 571 performances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#May", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 7", "text": "7 August – the Christian Mission, co-founded by (the now) General William and Catherine Booth in London in 1865, has its name changed to The Salvation Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365304990#Events", "title": "1878 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1365304990, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November", "text": "November–March 1880 – probably the longest ever fog in the city's history engulfs London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367332703#Events", "title": "1879 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1367332703, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1880, "year_label": "1880 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January", "text": "January–March – great fog continues to engulf London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361865727#Events", "title": "1880 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1361865727, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 29", "text": "29 August – The Australian cricket team beats England for the first time in a test match at The Oval in London. A mock obituary appears in the next day's Sporting Times, mourning \"the death of English cricket\", which leads to the creation of The Ashes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1313714177#Sport", "title": "1882 in Australia", "revid": 1313714177, "section": "Sport"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – The West End Riots following a popular meeting in Trafalgar Square, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#February", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 3", "text": "3 April – President Julio Argentino Roca, with the support of the agricultural elites – as well as of the London financial powerhouse, Barings Bank – fields his son-in-law, Córdoba Province Governor Miguel Juárez Celman, as the PAN candidate for president; he is elected almost unanimously.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364629559#Events", "title": "1886 in Argentina", "revid": 1364629559, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 9", "text": "9 May – Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334564016#Events", "title": "1887 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1334564016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "13 November – Bloody Sunday: Police in London clash with radical and Irish nationalist protesters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345611688#Events", "title": "1887 in Ireland", "revid": 1345611688, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Mohandas Gandhi embarks on the SS Clyde from Bombay for London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#September", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 4", "text": "4 November – London's City & South London Railway, the first deep-level underground railway in the world, opens. It runs a distance of 5.1 km between the City of London and Stockwell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336741555#Events", "title": "1890 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1336741555, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 14", "text": "14 January – Acres demonstrates his Kineopticon to the Royal Photographic Society at the Queen's Hall in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298461778#Events", "title": "1896 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1298461778, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 27", "text": "27 October – Louise Masset, an unmarried mother, murders her 3-year old son in a bathroom at the Dalston Junction railway station in London. She will be found guilty on 18 December and hanged at Newgate Prison three weeks later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355949390#Events", "title": "1899 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1355949390, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – The British Labour Party is officially established, at a meeting in the Congregational Memorial Hall in London, and Ramsay MacDonald is appointed as its first secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#February", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – The first performance of A Shropshire Lad, the setting to music of the 1896 set of 63 poems of A. E. Housman by Arthur Somervell as a song-cycle, takes place at Aeolian Hall in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#February", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 1", "text": "1 March – John Jenkins resigns as Premier of South Australia to become Agent-General for South Australia in London. He is replaced by Richard Butler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327047757#Events", "title": "1905 in Australia", "revid": 1327047757, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The \"Mud March\", the first large procession organised by The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), takes place in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373349351#February", "title": "1907", "revid": 1373349351, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 27", "text": "27 February – The Old Bailey criminal court opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127668#Events", "title": "1907 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1366127668, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convenes in secret in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373349351#May", "title": "1907", "revid": 1373349351, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Harry Bensley leaves for his would-be trip around the world pushing a pram and wearing an iron mask, beginning from Trafalgar Square in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336924317#Events", "title": "1908 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1336924317, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Edward VII falls very ill with bronchitis in France, returning to London a few weeks later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360970675#Events", "title": "1910 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360970675, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition begins as the SY Aurora departs London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#July", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First AIF at the time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#October", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Representatives of British revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in London and agree to form the Communist Party of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#July", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 12", "text": "12 May – During the Arcos Affair, British police officers raid the headquarters of ARCOS in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347724312#May", "title": "1927 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1347724312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "6–7 January – River Thames floods in London; 14 drown. On 7 January, the moat at the Tower of London (drained in 1843 and planted with grass) is completely refilled by the river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362266475#Events", "title": "1928 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1362266475, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 22", "text": "22 February – Bert Hinkler arrives in Darwin, Northern Territory after flying solo from London on 7 February, and then, later, he arrives in his hometown of Bundaberg on 27 February.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366651427#Events", "title": "1928 in Australia", "revid": 1366651427, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 27", "text": "27 April – The Jessop & Son department store in Nottingham is acquired by the John Lewis Partnership, its first store outside London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369776312#Events", "title": "1933 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1369776312, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The first consignment of 10,000 Afrikaans Bibles arrives at Cape Town from London on the Union-Castle Line's Carnarvon Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372037258", "title": "1933 in South Africa", "revid": 1372037258, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "March – Austrian-born economist Friedrich Hayek publishes his book The Road to Serfdom in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#March", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The first meeting of the United Nations is held, at Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#January", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The Eureka Diamond, the first diamond discovered in South Africa, is sold in London for £5,700.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373865665", "title": "1946 in South Africa", "revid": 1373865665, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "4–9 December – Great Smog blankets London, causing transport chaos and, it is believed, around 4,000 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371916211#Events", "title": "1952 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1371916211, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Three trains collide in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash near London, England, killing 112 people and injuring 340 people, making it the worst rail disaster in the UK since the 1915 Quintinshill rail disaster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#September–October", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September", "text": "Mimi Coertse leaves South Africa for London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269185494", "title": "1953 in South Africa", "revid": 1269185494, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Wing Commander Michael Beetham flying a British Royal Air Force Vickers Valiant sets a record of 11 hours 27 minutes for a non-stop London-Cape Town flight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#July", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – In the Assize Court at Buckingham, England, sentences totalling 307 years are passed on twelve men who stole £2,600,000 in used bank notes, after holding up the night train from Glasgow to London in August 1963 – a heist that becomes known as the Great Train Robbery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#April", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "21 July – 10,000 Greek-Cypriots protest in London against the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364264528#July", "title": "1974 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1364264528, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – In London, UK, a poison-filled pellet, supposedly injected using an umbrella, fatally poisons Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov; he dies four days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#September", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Albert Speer, 76, German architect and Nazi Party politician, he served as the Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production from 1942 until 1945, he briefly served as the Minister of Industry and Production of the Flensburg Government in May 1945,he was one of the defendants at the International Military Tribunal and was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment in 1946,he revised his prison writings into two autobiographical books, Inside the Third Reich and Spandau: The Secret Diaries, he later published a biographical work about Heinrich Himmler and Himmler's Schutzstaffel (SS) under the English title The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler's Masterplan for SS Supremacy, stroke while visiting London to participate in the BBC show Newsnight", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365913141", "title": "Deaths in September 1981", "revid": 1365913141, "section": "Deaths › September"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 27", "text": "27 March – Starlight Express opens at Apollo Victoria Theatre in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648824#March", "title": "1984 in England", "revid": 1372648824, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Live Aid benefit concerts in London and Philadelphia raise over £50 million for famine relief in Ethiopia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#July", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Gérard Hoarau, exiled political leader from the Seychelles, is assassinated in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#November", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – The Purley station rail crash in London leaves five people dead and 94 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#November", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July", "text": "14th - Jerry John Rawlings and the first lady, Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings attend CBI conference in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368450748#July", "title": "1995 in Ghana", "revid": 1368450748, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 22", "text": "22 April - Former vice-president Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson dies in London after a short illness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368987185#Deaths", "title": "1999 in Ghana", "revid": 1368987185, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Australia defeats Pakistan by 8 wickets at Lord's Cricket Ground in London in the 1999 Cricket World Cup Final, securing their second World Cup title.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#June", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The Gherkin opens in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#April", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – The International Olympic Committee awards London the right to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#July", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Four coordinated suicide bombings hit central London, killing 52 people and injuring over 700.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#July", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 - Michael Jackson announces his This Is It concert residency in London, England. However, a fortnight before the concerts were supposed to begin, Jackson died at the age of 50 from acute propofol intoxication.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#March", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 5", "text": "5 August – At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, In athletics, sprinter Usain Bolt of Jamaica wins the 100 metres final.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371318046#Events", "title": "2012 in Jamaica", "revid": 1371318046, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Off-duty British Army soldier Fusilier Lee Rigby of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers is murdered in Woolwich, southeast London, by Islamic terrorists Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#May", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 3", "text": "3 June – Two Australian women—a 21-year-old from Queensland and a 28-year-old from South Australia—are killed in a terrorist attack in London. Four Australians were also among the 48 injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361349623#June", "title": "2017 in Australia", "revid": 1361349623, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Qantas launches direct non-stop Boeing 787 Dreamliner flights between Perth Airport and Heathrow Airport, making it the first commercially non-stop service between Australia and the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#March", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – An estimated one million people march through London in a protest organised by People's Vote, to demand a second referendum on Brexit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#October", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – 2022 monkeypox outbreak: An outbreak of monkeypox begins when the first monkeypox virus case is reported in London, the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#May", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – The state funeral of Elizabeth II is held in Westminster Abbey, London. Her coffin is then taken by procession to Windsor Castle for burial with her husband, parents and sister in the King George VI Memorial Chapel. The funeral is speculated to be the most watched television event in world history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#September", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster Abbey, London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#May", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – A major power outage causes Heathrow Airport in London to completely shut down, with disruption expected to last for days, affecting thousands of flights around the world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#March", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › March"}}]}