{"slug": "lombard-league", "label": "Lombard League", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_League", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623476", "qid": "Q623476", "description": "medieval anti-Hohenstaufen military coalition", "entries": 10, "years": 9, "span": [1167, 1250], "span_label": ["1167 CE", "1250 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "frederick-barbarossa", "label": "Frederick Barbarossa", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sicily", "label": "Kingdom of Sicily", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "brescia", "label": "Brescia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parma", "label": "Parma", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northern-italy", "label": "Northern Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-alexander-iii", "label": "Pope Alexander III", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Europe", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege of Alessandria in northern Italy. He is opposed by the Lombard League (now joined by Venice, Sicily and Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Europe", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Battle of Legnano: The Imperial army (some 5,500 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) is defeated by forces of the Lombard League, leading to the pactum Anagnium (the Agreement of Anagni).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Europe", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Battle of Legnano: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated by the Lombard League, leading to the pactum Anagninum (the Agreement of Anagni).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367115059#Events", "title": "1176 in Italy", "revid": 1367115059, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Venice : The Treaty of Venice or Peace of Venice, 1177, was an important peace treaty between the papacy and its allies, the north Italian city-states of the Lombard League, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also took part in negotiations and the treaty thereby determined the political course of all Italy for the next several years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367113539#Events", "title": "1177 in Italy", "revid": 1367113539, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Peace of Constance is signed, between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League, forming the legal basis for the autonomy of the Italian city republics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Europe", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Events › By area › Europe"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) to crush the rebellious Lombard League. He crosses the Alps to Verona – where he is joined by Lord Ezzelino III da Romano, including troops from Brescia, Vicenza, Padua and Treviso. Frederick relies on his allies for support and in doing so, he provokes the opposition of earlier supporters, such as the House of Este, which now sides with the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Europe", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Europe", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Europe", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Europe", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}