{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy", "label": "Kingdom of Italy", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172579", "qid": "Q172579", "description": "kingdom in Southern Europe from 1861 to 1946", "entries": 34, "years": 25, "span": [1209, 1944], "span_label": ["1209 CE", "1944 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 13}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 5}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)"], "related": [{"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "german-empire", "label": "German Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ethiopian-empire", "label": "Ethiopian Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "french-third-republic", "label": "French Third Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "venezuela", "label": "Venezuela", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-ireland", "label": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "austria-hungary", "label": "Austria-Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "eritrea", "label": "Eritrea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "empire-of-japan", "label": "Empire of Japan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mount-etna", "label": "Mount Etna", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "King Philip II of France (\"Augustus\") grants a \"conduit\" to merchants, going to the Champagne fairs (a trade fair organized in different towns of the County of Champagne), guaranteeing the safety of their travel – as any attempt made against them – is now to be considered a crime of lèse-majesté (an offense against the king). The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs to merchants from Italy and the Low Countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Markets", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#March", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Unification of Italy: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#March", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "23 December — Convention between France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland forming the Latin Monetary Union signed in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365940857", "title": "1865 in Belgium", "revid": 1365940857, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form an alliance against the Austrian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#April", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March — Foundation of the Terni steelworks in Umbria with state guarantees and capital from several large banks, such as the Banca Generale, Credito Mobiliare and Banca Nazionale in the Kingdom of Italy. Construction, an important step in the industrialization of Italy, of the plant began shortly afterwards with the support of workers from the French Schneider steelworks. Completion was reached after two years and showed a complex of international significance. The key initiator of the project was the Minister of the Navy Benedetto Brin, while the self-made industrialist, Ernesto Breda, was its technical designer. The main purpose was to free the Italian Royal Navy and the Italian railways from depending on foreign steel. The national output of steel, which had been under 4,000 tons in 1881, reached 158,000 tons in 1889.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364675959#March", "title": "1884 in Italy", "revid": 1364675959, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "2 May – Signing of the Treaty of Wuchale between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy after the Italian occupation of Eritrea in the small Ethiopian town of Wuchale. King Menelik II had just won the imperial crown with the aid of Italian money and weapons. The purpose of the treaty was to promote friendship and trade among the two countries. Article 17 of the treaty was translated and interpreted differently by Ethiopia and Italy. Italy claimed the article imposed a protectorate over Ethiopia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356682596#Maʏ", "title": "1889 in Italy", "revid": 1356682596, "section": "Events › Maʏ"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#January", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Italian Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249908189#January", "title": "1890 in Italy", "revid": 1249908189, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1894, "year_label": "1894 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The Italian cargo steamship Etnea struck the rocks of the islet of Školjić west of Unije and sank.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369810485#November", "title": "1894", "revid": 1369810485, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – Battle of Coatit between Italy and Ethiopian proxies led by Tigrian warlord Ras Mengesha Yohannes in what is now Eritrea. It was the opening battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War, and was a significant victory for the Italians, as they rebuffed an invasion force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310097137#January", "title": "1895 in Italy", "revid": 1310097137, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The Battle of Adwa between Ethiopia and Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. It was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War, securing Ethiopian sovereignty and ending Italian attempts at its conquest for another three and a half decades. The Italians suffered about 7,000 killed and 1,500 wounded in the battle and subsequent retreat back into Eritrea, with 3,000 taken prisoner. Ethiopian losses have been estimated at around 4,000–5,000 killed and 8,000 wounded. When the news reached Italy, street demonstrations and rioting broke out in major cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120428#March", "title": "1896 in Italy", "revid": 1358120428, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December", "text": "December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis: Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela, in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318639#December", "title": "1902", "revid": 1373318639, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December", "text": "December–February 1903 – Venezuelan crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331893867#Events", "title": "1902 in Germany", "revid": 1331893867, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – An agreement by Germany, Italy and Switzerland gives the Germans and Italians access to the Gotthard Rail Tunnel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373420847#September–October", "title": "1909", "revid": 1373420847, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The first Nationalist Congress is held in Florence after which the Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI) is founded under the influence of Italian nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and Giovanni Papini. Upon its formation, the ANI supported the repatriation of Austrian held Italian-populated lands to Kingdom of Italy and was willing to endorse war with Austria-Hungary to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371061586#December", "title": "1910 in Italy", "revid": 1371061586, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#September", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The world's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya, during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#November", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Battle of Beirut: Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of Beirut, when the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gunboat Volturno bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#February", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Italian forces become the first to use airships in war as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#March", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#December", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – WWI: Italy joins the Allies after declaring war on Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#May", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#November", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#February", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Washington Naval Treaty signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366308085#Events", "title": "1922 in Japan", "revid": 1366308085, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#May–June", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "June 18", "text": "18 June – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315156673#Events", "title": "1923 in Italy", "revid": 1315156673, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo, bursts, killing at least 356 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#November–December", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 1", "text": "1 December – In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315156673#Events", "title": "1923 in Italy", "revid": 1315156673, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Treaty of Rome: The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes absorbs Sušak.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#February", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the \"Roman Question\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#April", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Italy: in one of the deadliest railway disasters in history, over 500 clandestine passengers die of carbon monoxide poisoning when a steam freight train stops in a railway tunnel near Balvano, Basilicata, Southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#March", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › March"}}]}