{"slug": "kabul", "label": "Kabul", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5838", "qid": "Q5838", "description": "capital and the largest city of Afghanistan", "entries": 23, "years": 18, "span": [-328, 2025], "span_label": ["329 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "label": "Antiochus III the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hindu-kush", "label": "Hindu Kush", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ghaznavid-empire", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "indus-river", "label": "Indus River", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pakistan", "label": "Pakistan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "punjab", "label": "Punjab", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "early-muslim-conquests", "label": "Early Muslim conquests", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "babur", "label": "Babur", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -328, "year_label": "329 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "From Phrada, Alexander the Great presses on up the valley of the Helmand River, through Arachosia, and over the mountains past the site of modern Kabul into the country of the Paropamisade, where he founds Alexandria by the Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356261159#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "329 BC", "revid": 1356261159, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews his friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Persia", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 664, "year_label": "664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: Arab forces under Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra begin launching raids from Persia, striking at Multan in the southern Punjab (modern Pakistan). Muslims conquer the city of Kabul, invading from eastern Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636792#Arabian_Empire", "title": "664", "revid": 1367636792, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Arabian_Empire", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Babur besieges and captures Kabul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#Date_unknown", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#Date_unknown", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6–13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#January–March", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Dost Mohammad Khan, Emir of Kabul, King of Kandahar (b. 1793)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#January–June", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Kabul falls to Habibullāh Kalakāni's forces, beginning a 9-month period of Saqqawist rule in Afghanistan while the Afghan Civil War continues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#January", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – In Kabul, Muslim extremists kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, who is killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#February", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 18", "text": "18 March - In a radio broadcast from Kabul, Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah indicated his readiness to step down. UN envoy Benon Sevan reportedly influenced Najibullah's decision to make this statement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327969610#March_1992", "title": "1992 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1327969610, "section": "March 1992"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – President of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is ousted and detained by Muslim rebels moving towards Kabul, setting the stage for the civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#April", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city of Kabul, after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#September", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – In Kabul, Afghanistan, Radio Shariat (Radio Islamic Law) announced that women should be covered from head to foot.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327971122#December", "title": "1996 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1327971122, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Air Base, solidifying their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#December", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2000, "year_label": "2000 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 - The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan shut down the money market in Kabul, Afghanistan to stop a freefall of the Afghani currency. Valued at 55,075 to the U.S. dollar on March 31, by April 19 it traded at 75,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350779858#April", "title": "2000 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1350779858, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – A Chinese delegation of the Chinese OFEM company arrived in Kabul, Afghanistan to assist the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan with the revival of hydel power projects. The delegation met with Taliban Minister for Water and Power Maulvi Ahmed Jan, visited Sarobi Dam and pledged to install new turbine in the power house. The delegates also made commitment about the installation of mobile telephone system in Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351523885#January", "title": "2001 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1351523885, "section": "January"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "12:30 p.m. EDT (9 p.m. local time): the United States, supported by Britain, begins its attack on Afghanistan, launching bombs and cruise missiles against Taliban military and communications facilities and suspected terrorist training camps. A Northern Alliance spokesman later tells CNN that attack hit anti-aircraft batteries near Kabul and \"at least three terrorist camps\" near Jalalabad. Initial reports are that Kabul, Kandahar, and Herat are among the targets. Electricity in Kabul is almost immediately cut off. A number of different technologies were employed in the strike. U.S. Air Force general Richard Myers, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, stated that approximately 50 Tomahawk cruise missiles, launched by British and U.S. submarines and ships, 25 F/A-18 Hornet strike aircraft from U.S. aircraft carriers, USS Carl Vinson and USS Enterprise and 15 U.S. Air Force bombers, such as B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress were involved in the first wave, launched from Diego Garcia. Two C-17 Globemaster transport jets delivered 37,500 daily rations by airdrop to internally displaced persons inside Afghanistan on the first day of the attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351523885#October", "title": "2001 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1351523885, "section": "October"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – In a news conference in Islamabad, Pakistan, a United Nations spokeswoman reports that a cruise missile killed four U.N. employees and injured four others in a building several miles east of Kabul. The casualties were Afghans who were security guards in an Afghan Technical Consultancy, the U.N. de-mining agency building. (Afghanistan was, at that time, the most heavily mined nation on the planet.) German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder meets with President Bush in Washington, D.C.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351523885#October", "title": "2001 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1351523885, "section": "October"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March", "text": "Afghanistan's government set up a special bank account to channel money for humanitarian aid to Iraq and urged wealthy Afghans to contribute to it. Money from the account, which was opened at the central bank in Kabul, would be delivered to the Iraqi people later by the U.N. special envoy to Afghanistan, Lakhdar Brahimi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354277794#March", "title": "2003 in Afghanistan", "revid": 1354277794, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Gunmen storm a maternity hospital and kill 24 people, including two newborn babies, in Dashte Barchi, a majority-Shia neighborhood of Kabul, Afghanistan. In a separate incident in Kuz Kunar, 32 people are killed at a funeral by a suicide bomber.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – The United States withdraws its last remaining troops from Hamid Karzai International Airport, Kabul, ending 20 years of operations in Afghanistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#August", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict: Pakistan reportedly carries out airstrikes in Kabul, Khost, Jalalabad, and Paktika, targeting Noor Wali Mehsud, an internationally designated terrorist.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#October", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › October"}}]}