{"slug": "julian-calendar", "label": "Julian calendar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11184", "qid": "Q11184", "description": "calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC", "entries": 31, "years": 19, "span": [-45, 1918], "span_label": ["46 BCE", "1918 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Julian Calendar"], "related": [{"slug": "gregorian-calendar", "label": "Gregorian calendar", "shared": 22}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "greek-war-of-independence", "label": "Greek War of Independence", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alexander-i-of-russia", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "george-monck-1st-duke-of-albemarle", "label": "George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ecumenical-patriarch-of-constantinople", "label": "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -45, "year_label": "46 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The Julian Calendar would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069033#Roman_Republic", "title": "46 BC", "revid": 1361069033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -44, "year_label": "45 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing a solar calendar that is based on the Egyptian calendar of the day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069382#Roman_Republic", "title": "45 BC", "revid": 1361069382, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -7, "year_label": "8 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sextilis, the eighth month of the early Julian calendar, is renamed Augustus (August) by a decree of the Roman Senate in honor of Augustus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#Germania", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Events › 8 BC › Germania"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – The Julian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday, October 15.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#October–December", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Duchy of Savoy adopts the Gregorian Calendar, replacing the Julian Calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#January–March", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Ultimate Pi Day: the largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits of pi since the introduction of the Julian calendar according to the American method of writing the number of the month prior to the day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#January–March", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 (Julian calendar, used by the English; January 3, 1602, according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle) – The Battle of Kinsale ends the siege of Kinsale, Ireland (begun in autumn 1601).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#October–December", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Battle of Kinsale: The English defeat Irish rebels and their Spanish allies. (The battle happens on this date according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish but on Thursday, 24 December, 1601 according to the old Julian calendar used by the English.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972919#January–March", "title": "1602", "revid": 1351972919, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1602, "year_label": "1602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "3 January – Nine Years' War: The English defeat Irish rebels and their Spanish allies at the siege of Kinsale. (The battle happens on this date according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish but on Thursday, 24 December, 1601 according to the old Julian calendar used by the English.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362110563#Events", "title": "1602 in Ireland", "revid": 1362110563, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 (June 4 Julian calendar) – The Four Days' Battle between the Dutch Republic fleet (84 ships under the command of Admiral Michiel de Ruyter) and the English Royal Navy (79 ships led by the Duke of Albemarle) in the North Sea, one of the longest naval engagements in history, ends with a retreat by the English after having started on June 11. A part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the battle ends with a Dutch victory, but heavy losses are sustained on both sides: the English lose 1,000 men and 10 ships are sunk, while the Dutch lose four ships and 1,550 men. Damaged, but not destroyed, the English fleet sets about repairs and refitting, and meets the Dutch fleet again on July 25 in the St. James's Day Battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 (July 23 Julian calendar) – A hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Guadeloupe five days after Barbados colonial Governor Francis Willoughby led a force of two Royal Navy frigates, 12 commandeered vessels and over 1,000 men in a battle against French colonies during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Willoughby and most of his crew die in the sinking of his flagship, HMS Hope", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 (July 25 Julian calendar) – In the St. James's Day Battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English Royal Navy, under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, defeats the Dutch Republic navy off the North Foreland of England. The victory comes 6 weeks after the British fleet had sustained a heavy loss in the Four Days' Battle. The Dutch ships Sneek and Tholen are sunk, with the loss of 800 men, while 300 Englishmen die in the sinking of HMS Resolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#July–September", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 3", "text": "3 December (Julian calendar) – Ludvig Holberg, philosopher, historian, essayist and playwright (d. 1754).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303242658#Births", "title": "1684 in Norway", "revid": 1303242658, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 18", "text": "18 February – Instigated by Ole Rømer, Denmark adopts the Gregorian calendar, although not the Catholic Church's lunar cycle, in place of the Julian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351494291#Events", "title": "1700 in Denmark", "revid": 1351494291, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 30", "text": "30 February 1712 – Sweden temporarily adopts February 30 as a day to adjust the Swedish calendar back to the Julian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331668447#Events", "title": "1712 in Sweden", "revid": 1331668447, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 (February 30 Swedish Style, February 29 on the Julian calendar) – Sweden temporarily adopts the rare February 30, as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#January–March", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 of Julian calendar (Wednesday) (September 13 \"New Style\")– Great Britain and the British Empire use the Julian calendar for the last time and adopt the Gregorian calendar, making the next day Thursday, September 14 in the English-speaking world. A newspaper at the time notes the next day that \"Altho' we have more than once, for the Information of our Readers, publish'd some Accounts of the Alteration of the Style, which took Place this Day, agreeable to a late Act of Parliament, in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America\" and notes that \"The Supputation of the Year began on the first Day of January last, and for the future the first Day of that Month will be stiled the first Day of every Year in all Accounts whatsoever, which Supputation or Reckoning never took Place before this Year in any Courts of Law until the 25th Day of March\", and adds, \"This Day, had not this Act passed, would have been the 3rd of September, but is now reckoned the 14th, eleven nominal Days being omitted.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 17", "text": "17 February – Sweden replace the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279556818#Events", "title": "1753 in Sweden", "revid": 1279556818, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar, by skipping the 11 days difference between it and the Julian calendar, and letting February 17 be followed directly by March 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#January–March", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 (O.S.)/April 6 (N.S.) – Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras raises the revolutionary flag of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra (according to oral tradition), symbolically marking the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; later celebrated as Greece's traditional Independence Day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 (O.S.)/April 22 (N.S.) – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 (O.S.)/June 19 (N.S.) – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#April–June", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 (O.S.)/August 19 (N.S.) – Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#July–September", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 (O.S.)/September 16 (N.S.) – Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#July–September", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 (O.S.)/October 5 (N.S.) – The Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece; the massacre of 8,000 civilians follows. (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis have besieged the city for several months during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#October–December", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 (O.S.)/October 20 (N.S.) – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#October–December", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 (O.S.)/November 19 (N.S.) – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#October–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#October–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 (O.S.)/August 28 (N.S.) – Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#July–December", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 (N.S.)/March 20 (O.S.) – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1943)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#March–April", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Births › March–April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#February", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › February"}}]}