{"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7325", "qid": "Q7325", "description": "ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant", "entries": 98, "years": 90, "span": [-537, 1969], "span_label": ["538 BCE", "1969 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 30}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 24}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 7}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Jew", "Jewish"], "related": [{"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "galilee", "label": "Galilee", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "seleucid-empire", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "judas-maccabeus", "label": "Judas Maccabeus", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "antiochus-iv-epiphanes", "label": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "legio-x-fretensis", "label": "Legio X Fretensis", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hadrian", "label": "Hadrian", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -537, "year_label": "538 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Babylonian captivity of the Jews in Babylon ends when Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, allows them to return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest; possible start of construction of the Second Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1231289390#Near_East", "title": "538 BC", "revid": 1231289390, "section": "Events › By place › Near East"}}, {"year": -536, "year_label": "537 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jews lay the foundations for the Second Temple.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1012946792#Judea", "title": "537 BC", "revid": 1012946792, "section": "Events › By place › Judea"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ezra, Jewish scribe and priest (d. c. 440 BCE)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Births", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -443, "year_label": "444 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Nehemiah, the Jewish cupbearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1255871584#Persian_empire", "title": "444 BC", "revid": 1255871584, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -439, "year_label": "440 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ezra, Jewish scribe and priest (b. c. 480 BCE)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242238578#Deaths", "title": "440 BC", "revid": 1242238578, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -249, "year_label": "250 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "According to the Letter of Aristeas, Ptolemy II invited the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their torah translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278897656#Egypt", "title": "250 BC", "revid": 1278897656, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -171, "year_label": "172 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Since the reign of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, the Jewish inhabitants of Judea enjoy extensive autonomy under their high priest. However, they are divided into two parties, the orthodox Hasideans (Pious Ones) and a reform party that favours Hellenism. Antiochus IV supports the reform party because of the financial support they provide him with. In return for a considerable payment, he has permitted the high priest, Jason, to build a gymnasium in Jerusalem and to introduce the Greek mode of educating young people. Jason's time as high priest is brought to an abrupt end when he sends Menelaus, the brother of Simon the Benjamite, to deliver money to Antiochus IV. Menelaus takes this opportunity to \"outbid\" Jason for the priesthood, resulting in Antiochus IV confirming Menelaus as the High Priest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481117#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "172 BC", "revid": 1370481117, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons, beginning the Maccabean Revolt, a Jewish rebellion against Seleucid control of Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria rule, Mattathias, dies and his third son, Judas, assumes leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed deposition of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -165, "year_label": "166 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Mattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209983742#Deaths", "title": "166 BC", "revid": 1209983742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes (\"God Manifest\"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Deaths", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenic party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Judas Maccabeus, third son of the Jewish priest Mattathias, who led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire until his death", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#Deaths", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -36, "year_label": "37 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862706#Roman_Republic", "title": "37 BC", "revid": 1325862706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 38, "year_label": "38 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Apion heads a deputation to Emperor Caligula, to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 38 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 39, "year_label": "39 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Roman_Empire", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 39 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 49, "year_label": "49 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_49", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 49"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Judaea, a Roman soldier seizes and burns a Torah scroll. Procurator Cumanus has the culprit beheaded, calming down local Jews and delaying for almost two decades the outbreak of their revolt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Palestine", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 50 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 66, "year_label": "66 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182683#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 66", "revid": 1330182683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 67, "year_label": "67 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Yodfat: Its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants are massacred. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185877#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 67", "revid": 1371185877, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 71, "year_label": "71 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185937#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 71", "revid": 1371185937, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 72, "year_label": "72 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Jewish–Roman War: The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) under Sextus Lucilius Bassus lays siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate, the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress before it is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356243750#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 72", "revid": 1356243750, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 73, "year_label": "73 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506584#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 73", "revid": 1371506584, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 79, "year_label": "79 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Emperor Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea; his last words on his deathbed are: \"I think I'm turning into a god.\" Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor. Titus' Jewish mistress, Berenice, comes to join him in Rome, but he exiles her to please the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506261#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 79", "revid": 1371506261, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 97, "year_label": "97 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the Jews, and the patriarch or nasi is designated as the representative of the Jewish people in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324646#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 97", "revid": 1330324646, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 135, "year_label": "135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1285604542#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 135", "revid": 1285604542, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 136, "year_label": "136 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335665818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 136", "revid": 1335665818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 212, "year_label": "212 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The edict of Emperor Caracalla (Constitutio Antoniniana) extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire, with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship. All free women in the Empire are given the same rights as Roman women.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186817#Roman_Empire", "title": "212", "revid": 1371186817, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Religion", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 305, "year_label": "305 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171757#Religion", "title": "305", "revid": 1330171757, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 351, "year_label": "351 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is wiped out.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314902602#Roman_Empire", "title": "351", "revid": 1314902602, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantius Gallus sends his general (magister equitum) Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroy the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Roman_Empire", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight Homilies entitled \"Adversus Iudaeos\" (\"Against the Jews\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Religion", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 416, "year_label": "416 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania, and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forces Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641805#Europe", "title": "416", "revid": 1367641805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades Emperor Theodosius II at Constantinople to dismiss his sister Pulcheria, for her policy of exiling the Jews, and destroying their synagogues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Yazdegerd II issues a decree to abolish the Shabbat, and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Persia", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community revolts at Ctesiphon against Mazdakism, and establishes an independent Jewish kingdom that lasts for seven years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Persia", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Religion", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Council of Narbonne is held. In Septimania, Jews are forbidden from chanting psalms while burying their dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Religion", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish community in Medina (Saudi Arabia) rejects the idea of Muhammad being a leader of Judaism. He and his followers stop bowing toward Jerusalem and start bowing toward Makkah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Religion", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 628, "year_label": "628 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Shariah enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803502#Education", "title": "628", "revid": 1340803502, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council, in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews. Laws against violence to slaves are suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Europe", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 694, "year_label": "694 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – King Ergica of the Visigoths accuses the Jews of aiding the Muslims, and sentences all Jews to slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806245#Europe", "title": "694", "revid": 1340806245, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Religion", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A paper mill begins production at Baghdad during the Abbasid era, as the Arabs spread the techniques developed by Chinese papermakers. Baghdad becomes a great seat of learning, with Christian and Jewish scholars as well as Muslims, while Europe remains largely unlettered. The Arabs will become the world's most proficient papermakers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Communication", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Communication"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dunash ben Labrat, Spanish Jewish commentator (d. 990)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Births", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Commerce", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "King Philip II (Augustus) annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Philip II (Augustus) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the Jews and expels them from Paris. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in Brie-Comte-Robert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Europe", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#England", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1194, "year_label": "1194 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (d. 1256)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292975381#Births", "title": "1194", "revid": 1292975381, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Pope Innocent III lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified Jesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Religion", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1210, "year_label": "1210 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – John orders that Jews across the country have to pay a tallage, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321284058#England", "title": "1210", "revid": 1321284058, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Europe", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Culture", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › Culture"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "18 July – the Edict of Expulsion is issued expelling all Jews from England and Ireland by 1 November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1264643054#Events", "title": "1290 in Ireland", "revid": 1264643054, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus \"royalists\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#January–December", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1349, "year_label": "1349 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: Strasbourg massacre – Because they are believed by the residents to be the cause of the Black Death, roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373507442#January–December", "title": "1349", "revid": 1373507442, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#Date_unknown", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria, by order of Duke Ludwig IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#October–December", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the \"great torture chamber\" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#Date_unknown", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Date_unknown", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Lisbon Massacre begins in Portugal with three days of violence, in which thousands of Jews are tortured and killed by Catholics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#April–June", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#July–September", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Jews are allowed to return to France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737247#Events", "title": "1650 in France", "revid": 1353737247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The \"Jew clause\" of 1687 was introduced. It banned Jews from entering or staying in Norway without a special royal safe-conduct (leidebrev), carrying a heavy fine of 1,000 riksdaler for violators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975939#Events", "title": "1687 in Norway", "revid": 1365975939, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Esther Brandeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953314#Events", "title": "1738 in Canada", "revid": 1349953314, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733434#April–June", "title": "1740", "revid": 1362733434, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "1 June – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835300#Events", "title": "1740 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835300, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1740, "year_label": "1740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733434#July–September", "title": "1740", "revid": 1362733434, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – The Parliament of Great Britain's Jewish Naturalization Act receives royal assent, allowing naturalization to Jews; it is repealed in 1754.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#July–September", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1843, "year_label": "1843 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – In New York City, Henry Jones and 11 others found B'nai B'rith, the oldest Jewish service organization in the world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332607829#October–December", "title": "1843 in the United States", "revid": 1332607829, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first Jewish Congregation is founded in Cape Town.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368952292#Events", "title": "1849 in South Africa", "revid": 1368952292, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – The Mount Sinai Hospital is dedicated (as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City; it opens to patients on June 5.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363706514#Events", "title": "1855 in the United States", "revid": 1363706514, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Chinese, German, Norwegian, Jews, American, Irish, Latin American, French, Belgian Canadian and other immigrants who had been in the California goldfields arrive in British Columbia, attracted by the Fraser River Gold rush, joining French Canadians, Métis, Hawaiians and others already in the area who abandoned regular employment to work the banks of the Fraser alongside the native peoples, who also took part in the rush.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349957477#Events", "title": "1858 in Canada", "revid": 1349957477, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#October", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 13", "text": "13 October – Determined to bring about the revival of the Hebrew language as a way of unifying Jews, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda has what is believed to be the first conversation in Modern Hebrew, with friends living in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331883011#Events", "title": "1881 in France", "revid": 1331883011, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 26", "text": "26 March – Prussian deportations: the Prussian government orders the expulsion of all ethnic Poles and Jews holding Russian citizenship, later extended to include Polish Austrian citizens. More than 30,000 people are forced across the border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331892782#Events", "title": "1885 in Germany", "revid": 1331892782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched for the murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374021277#July–September", "title": "1915 in the United States", "revid": 1374021277, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – First meeting between the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba in an attempt to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364241730#June", "title": "1918 in British-administered Palestine", "revid": 1364241730, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act is passed by the United States Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration. Because this drastically limits immigration from Eastern Europe, Jews emigrating from there begin to prefer Palestine as a destination rather than the U.S.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#May", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in Omaha, Nebraska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373776343#April–June", "title": "1924 in the United States", "revid": 1373776343, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots break out between Palestinians and Jews in Mandatory Palestine, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#August", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 9", "text": "9 November — Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the \"night of broken glass\" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362709587#Events", "title": "1938 in Germany", "revid": 1362709587, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of the passengers later die in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362076407#June", "title": "1939 in the United States", "revid": 1362076407, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Rapid escalation of the Holocaust in Lithuania: Between now and the end of the year, an estimated 190,000-195,000 out of 210,000 Lithuanian Jews will be massacred, killing an estimated 95% of the nation's Jewish population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#June", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 6", "text": "6 September — The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word \"Jew\" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320691913#September", "title": "1941 in Germany", "revid": 1320691913, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 15", "text": "15 November – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies and \"part-Gypsies\" be put \"on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373073497#Events", "title": "1943 in Germany", "revid": 1373073497, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Fourteen men, 9 of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#January", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › January"}}]}