{"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126188", "qid": "Q126188", "description": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688 (1633–1701)", "entries": 81, "years": 30, "span": [1633, 1964], "span_label": ["1633 CE", "1964 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 18}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 11}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["James, Duke of York"], "related": [{"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "james-francis-edward-stuart", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "charles-ii-of-england", "label": "Charles II of England", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "mary-ii", "label": "Mary II", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "louis-xiv", "label": "Louis XIV", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "church-of-england", "label": "Church of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "stadtholder", "label": "Stadtholder", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – King James II of England (d. 1701)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#October–December", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 14", "text": "14 October – King James II of England (died 1701)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737067#Births", "title": "1633 in England", "revid": 1353737067, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 15", "text": "15 July – the King is allowed (at the request of Fairfax) to meet his children (James, Duke of York, Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, and Princess Elizabeth) for what will be the last time, at the Greyhound Inn, Maidenhead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737212#Events", "title": "1647 in England", "revid": 1353737212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (d. 1718)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#Births", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 5", "text": "5 October – Mary of Modena, queen of King James II (died 1718)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737308#Births", "title": "1658 in England", "revid": 1353737308, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 2", "text": "2 August – Charles II issues a grant for two theatre companies: a King's Company under his own patronage, led by Thomas Killigrew, and a Duke's Company under the patronage of his brother, the Duke of York, led by Sir William Davenant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 19", "text": "19 November – James, Duke of York, as Lord High Admiral of England, proclaims that use of the newly restored Union Jack is reserved to ships of the Royal Navy and merchant ships should fly the Red Ensign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 18", "text": "18 December – the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa is chartered; it will come to have a monopoly over the English slave trade. It is led by Duke of York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354345496#Events", "title": "1660 in England", "revid": 1354345496, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – The Company of the Royal Adventurers into Africa, planned by Prince James, brother of King Charles II to capture persons along the coast of West Africa for resale as slaves, receives its charter. Prince James, later King James II, had started asking for investors (at 250 pounds sterling per share) starting on October 3, 1660.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#October–December", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "1 October – a yacht race from Greenwich to Gravesend between King Charles and James, Duke of York makes the sport fashionable.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737330#Events", "title": "1661 in England", "revid": 1353737330, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – King Charles II of England makes royal charter for territory in North America that leases to his brother, James, Duke of York, a patent for a large amount of land in what is now the northeastern United States. According to the Charter, James receives \"all that part of the mayne land of New England\" between \"New Scotland in America\" and the river of Kenebeque\", along with \"Mattowacks or Long Island\" and \"Martins Vineyard and Nantukes\", and the lands between the \"Connecticutte and Hudsons rivers\" and the lands \"from the west side of \"Connecticutte to the east side De la Warre Bay\". The lease, which includes the territory claimed by the Dutch Republic as New Netherland is for most of the U.S. state of Maine and parts of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 18", "text": "18 August – England annexes the New Netherland colony in North America, renaming it the Province of New York (after James, Duke of York).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372941052#Events", "title": "1664 in England", "revid": 1372941052, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – New Netherland is captured by England. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York (later King James II).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#October–December", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "28 October – The \"Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot\" is formed in London, origin of the Royal Marines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372941052#Events", "title": "1664 in England", "revid": 1372941052, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – The \"Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot\" is formed in London and serves as a precursor to the Royal Marines of the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#October–December", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 12", "text": "12 June – the city of New Amsterdam in the Province of New York is reincorporated as New York, named after James, Duke of York, and the first Mayor appointed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737361#Events", "title": "1665 in England", "revid": 1353737361, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 (June 3 O.S.) – Second Anglo-Dutch War – Battle of Lowestoft: The English Navy, under James Stuart, Duke of York, is victorious against the Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#April–June", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "1668 or 1669 – James, Duke of York, the heir to the throne, secretly takes Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737382#Undated", "title": "1668 in England", "revid": 1353737382, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "August 21", "text": "21 August – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soldier, illegitimate son of James, Duke of York and Arabella Churchill, in France (died 1734)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737399#Births", "title": "1670 in England", "revid": 1353737399, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Anne Hyde, wife of the future James II of England (b. 1637)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#Deaths", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Test Act: Roman Catholics and others who refuse to receive the sacrament of the Church of England cannot vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities or assemble for meetings in England. On June 12, the king's Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, is forced to resign the office of Lord High Admiral because of the Act.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#January–March", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 12", "text": "12 June – James, Duke of York, is forced to resign the office of Lord High Admiral because of the Test Act, making his Catholicism public.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360074887#Events", "title": "1673 in England", "revid": 1360074887, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – James, Duke of York, marries Mary of Modena; they meet for the first time immediately before the ceremony in Dover.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#October–December", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 23", "text": "23 November – the widowed James, Duke of York, the King's brother and heir, marries Mary of Modena; they meet for the first time immediately before the ceremony in Dover.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360074887#Events", "title": "1673 in England", "revid": 1360074887, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 15", "text": "15 May – Exclusion Crisis: The supporters of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, introduce an Exclusion Bill into the House of Commons with the aim of excluding the king's brother, the Catholic James, Duke of York, from the succession to the English throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737517#Events", "title": "1679 in England", "revid": 1353737517, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – In England, the \"Habeas Corpus Parliament\" (or \"First Exclusion Parliament\") is dissolved, while in recess, by King Charles II. The King exercises his royal prerogative of dissolution to prevent the parliament from passing a bill that would exclude non-Anglicans from the succession to the English throne, specifically the king's Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, as part of the Exclusion Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#July–September", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 4", "text": "4 November – a second Exclusion Bill is proposed to exclude the Catholic James, Duke of York from inheriting the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737535#Events", "title": "1680 in England", "revid": 1353737535, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1682, "year_label": "1682 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 6", "text": "6 May – while on passage from Portsmouth to Scotland, HMS Gloucester runs aground on a sandbank off the Norfolk coast and sinks. The Duke of York (the future King James II) and John Churchill (the future 1st Duke of Marlborough) are among those saved but at least 120 drown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367642347#Events", "title": "1682 in England", "revid": 1367642347, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Catholic James Stuart, Duke of York, becomes King James II of England and Ireland, and King James VII of Scotland, in succession to his brother Charles II (1660–1685), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland since 1660. James II and VII reigns until deposed, in 1688.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 6", "text": "6 February – James II becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of Charles II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641556#Events", "title": "1685 in Ireland", "revid": 1362641556, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – The coronation of King James II of England (and his Queen Consort, Mary of Modena) takes place at Westminster Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Killing Time: Five Covenanters in Wigtown, Scotland, notably Margaret Wilson, are executed for refusing to swear an oath declaring King James of England, Scotland and Ireland as head of the church, becoming the Wigtown martyrs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Netherlands, to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "11 June – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Dutch Republic to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737605#Events", "title": "1685 in England", "revid": 1353737605, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Monmouth Rebellion: In the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last pitched battle fought on English soil, the armies of King James II of England defeat rebel forces under James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, and capture the Duke himself shortly after the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#July–September", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A group of conspirators meet at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of James II by Parliamentarians and the Dutch Stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737615#Undated", "title": "1686 in England", "revid": 1353737615, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England, in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – King James VII of Scotland dismisses the Parliament of Scotland after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – The Declaration of Indulgence is issued in Scotland by King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#January–March", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – King James II of England issues the Declaration of Indulgence (or Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience), suspending laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#April–June", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 4", "text": "4 April – King James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence (or Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience), suspending laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737629#Events", "title": "1687 in England", "revid": 1353737629, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – King James II of England disbands the English parliament", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 (January 20, 1687 old style) – King James II of England and Scotland issues a proclamation offering amnesty to pirates in the West Indies who surrender to Sir Robert Holmes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#January–March", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – King James II of England orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its staunchest supporters, the peers and gentry, are outraged; on June 8 the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, is imprisoned in the Tower of London for refusing to proclaim it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "10 June – birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, son to King James II and his Catholic wife Mary of Modena, at St James's Palace in London. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – A high-powered conspiracy of notables (the Immortal Seven) invite Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange and Princess Mary to \"defend the liberties of England\", and depose King James VII and II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 30", "text": "30 June – a conspiracy of notables, the \"Immortal Seven\", send the Invitation to William, inviting William of Orange and Mary to depose James II, as has been planned since April. Mary is James's second heir, her husband (and cousin) is James's nephew, and both have been raised Protestant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – King James II of England dismisses his minister Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 (November 1 OS) – Glorious Revolution: William III of Orange sets sail a second time from Hellevoetsluis, the Netherlands, to take over England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – start of the siege of Derry. The city gates are locked against the forces of King James II by apprentice boys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387241#Events", "title": "1688 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387241, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Having led his army to Salisbury and been deserted by his troops, James VII and II attempts to flee to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The overthrow of Catholic king James of England, Ireland, and Scotland in the Glorious Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#Events", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 (January 12, 1688 O.S.) – Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of 1688. The settlement of this is agreed on 8 February.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#January–March", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 22", "text": "22 January – the Convention Parliament is convened to determine if James II, the last Roman Catholic king, had vacated the throne when he fled to France at the end of 1688.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369556259#Events", "title": "1689 in England", "revid": 1369556259, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 13", "text": "13 February – the Protestant William, Prince of Orange, and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Ireland and Scotland in London following the deposition of the Catholic James II at the end of 1688 but are not yet recognised in Ireland or Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366636271#Events", "title": "1689 in Ireland", "revid": 1366636271, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 (March 12 O.S.) – Start of the Williamite War in Ireland: The deposed James II of England lands with 6,000 French soldiers in Ireland, where there is a Catholic majority, hoping to use it as the base for a counter-coup. However, many Irish Catholics see him as an agent of Louis XIV, and refuse to support him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#January–March", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 (O.S.) – William III and Mary II are crowned in London as King and Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the Estates of Scotland declare King James VII deposed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Boston revolt: Unpopular New England Governor Sir Edmund Andros and other officials are overthrown by a \"mob\" of Bostonians. Andros, an appointee of James II of England, is disliked for his support of the Church of England and revocation of various colonial charters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 7", "text": "7 May–20 July – first and only session of the Patriot Parliament, the Parliament of Ireland called by James II in Dublin, with Richard Nagle as Speaker. This declares that James remains King, passes The Great Act of Attainder against those who have rebelled against him and repeals the Act of Settlement (1662) while, at James's urging, also passing an Act for Liberty of Conscience.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366636271#Events", "title": "1689 in Ireland", "revid": 1366636271, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#April–June", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "20 May – The Act of Grace passed, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737671#Events", "title": "1690 in England", "revid": 1353737671, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "1 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: William III defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737671#Events", "title": "1690 in England", "revid": 1353737671, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "1 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne: William III defeats the deposed James II of England, who returns to exile in France from Kinsale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318501333#Events", "title": "1690 in Ireland", "revid": 1318501333, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 (July 1 O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France. The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#July–September", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 –Playwright Henry Nevil Payne is tortured for his role in the Montgomery Plot to restore James II to the throne — the last time a political prisoner is legally subjected to torture in Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#October–December", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife King William III and Queen Mary II comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1689 after King James II was deposed by Willem during the \"Glorious Revolution\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#January–March", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – A plot to ambush and assassinate King William III of England in order to restore King James and the House of Stuart to the throne is foiled when the king cancels his usual plan to return from a hunting trip by way of the road between Turnham Green and Brentford. The king's guard is alerted by the Earl of Portland, William Bentinck, who had been approached on February 13 by Sir Thomas Prendergast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#January–March", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – A royal proclamation is issued to arrest suspected Jacobite conspirators who had plotted the assassination of King William III, including gunman Robert Charnock and organizers George Barclay, and Sir John Fenwick. Barclay eludes capture, but Charnock and Fenwick are executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#January–March", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) – on the death of the deposed King James VII of Scotland in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, his son James Francis Edward Stuart declares himself James VIII (and III of England and Ireland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369036659#Events", "title": "1701 in Scotland", "revid": 1369036659, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September - On the death of the deposed King James II of England/VII of Scotland, his son James Francis Edward Stuart, the former Prince of Wales, is recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346949856#Events", "title": "1701 in Wales", "revid": 1346949856, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) — following the death of the deposed King James II of England in exile in France, his son Prince James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the new claimant to the thrones of England as King James III and Scotland as King James VIII; Louis XIV of France, the Papal States, and Philip V of Spain recognise him as the rightful heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365195016#Events", "title": "1701 in England", "revid": 1365195016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – James II of England, King of England and Ireland, and of Scotland (as James VII) (b. 1633)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#Deaths", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Deposed King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) dies in exile, at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France. His supporters, the Jacobites, turn to his son James Francis Edward Stuart (later called \"The Old Pretender\"), whom they recognise as James VIII and III. Louis XIV of France, the Papal States, and Spain also recognise him as the rightful heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#July–September", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September – King James VII of Scotland (born 1633)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369036659#Deaths", "title": "1701 in Scotland", "revid": 1369036659, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 (March 8 Old Style) – Princess Anne Stuart, daughter of the late King James II and younger sister of his successor, Mary II (who had reigned jointly with her husband, William III, as William and Mary until her death in 1694), ascends the English, Scottish and Irish thrones upon William's death. In her first speech to the English Parliament, made three days later, she tells the assembly \"As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England.\" Anne is the mother of 17 children by her husband, Prince George of Denmark and Norway, but none will survive childhood, and she will die without an heir, bringing an end to the reign of the House of Stuart and enabling the Hanoverian Succession. After the death of William, the States General of the Netherlands do not appoint a new stadtholder, and so the Dutch Republic becomes a true republic again, starting the Second Stadtholderless Period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#January–March", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Georg Ludwig von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover, becomes King George I of Great Britain and Ireland, on the death of Queen Anne. Anne's death brings an end to the reign of the House of Stuart, in that her half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the eldest son of James II of England, has been ineligible for the British throne based on the Act of Settlement 1701 had barred members of the Roman Catholic church from becoming monarchs. George of Hanover, as great-grandson of James I of England and a second cousin to Anne, is deemed the eldest living Protestant descendant of James I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#July–September", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – The first major Jacobite rising in Scotland against the rule of King George I of Great Britain breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart, and marches on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#July–September", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (b. 1658)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#Deaths", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, illegitimate son of James II of England and French military commander (b. 1670)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#Deaths", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – King Louis XV of France informs King Philip V of Spain of his intent to try to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the United Kingdom. James Francis Edward Stuart was briefly the Crown Prince of England and Scotland until his father, King James II, was deposed in 1688 and, as Pretender to the Throne, would become King James III if the attack, planned for January 1, 1744 succeeds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#October–December", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The 1964 New York World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October 18, 1964 and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. Although not officially sanctioned as a world's fair, due to being within 10 years of the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, so that some countries decline to attend, many have pavilions with exotic crafts, art and food.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372685911#April", "title": "1964 in the United States", "revid": 1372685911, "section": "Events › April"}}]}