{"slug": "james-francis-edward-stuart", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211681", "qid": "Q211681", "description": "pretender to the English, Scottish and Irish throne (1688-1766)", "entries": 41, "years": 13, "span": [1688, 1766], "span_label": ["1688 CE", "1766 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "jacobitism", "label": "Jacobitism", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "george-i-of-great-britain", "label": "George I of Great Britain", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "house-of-stuart", "label": "House of Stuart", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "firth-of-forth", "label": "Firth of Forth", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "louis-xiv", "label": "Louis XIV", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "charles-edward-stuart", "label": "Charles Edward Stuart", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart (later known as the Old Pretender), son and heir to James II of England and his Catholic wife Mary of Modena, at St James's Palace in London, increases public disquiet about a Catholic dynasty, particularly when the baby is baptised into the Catholic faith. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#April–June", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "10 June – birth of James Francis Edward Stuart, son to King James II and his Catholic wife Mary of Modena, at St James's Palace in London. Rumours about his true maternity swiftly begin to circulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – James Francis Edward Stuart, The Old Pretender, claimant to the English and Scottish throne (d. 1766)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#Births", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 10", "text": "10 June – James Francis Edward Stuart, \"The Old Pretender\" (died 1766)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Births", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "9 December – Queen Mary of Modena flees to France with her infant son, the Prince of Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) – on the death of the deposed King James VII of Scotland in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, his son James Francis Edward Stuart declares himself James VIII (and III of England and Ireland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369036659#Events", "title": "1701 in Scotland", "revid": 1369036659, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September - On the death of the deposed King James II of England/VII of Scotland, his son James Francis Edward Stuart, the former Prince of Wales, is recognised by King Louis XIV of France as the rightful ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346949856#Events", "title": "1701 in Wales", "revid": 1346949856, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September (N.S.) — following the death of the deposed King James II of England in exile in France, his son Prince James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the new claimant to the thrones of England as King James III and Scotland as King James VIII; Louis XIV of France, the Papal States, and Philip V of Spain recognise him as the rightful heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365195016#Events", "title": "1701 in England", "revid": 1365195016, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – Deposed King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) dies in exile, at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France. His supporters, the Jacobites, turn to his son James Francis Edward Stuart (later called \"The Old Pretender\"), whom they recognise as James VIII and III. Louis XIV of France, the Papal States, and Spain also recognise him as the rightful heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#July–September", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "23 March - James Stuart, the \"Old Pretender\", having sailed from Dunkirk with 5000 French troops, with the intention of invading Britain, attempts to land in the Firth of Forth; the attempt is thwarted by the Royal Navy, under Admiral Byng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737952#Events", "title": "1708 in France", "revid": 1353737952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – James Francis Edward Stuart, Jacobite pretender to the throne of Great Britain, unsuccessfully tries to land from a French fleet in the Firth of Forth in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#January–June", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "23 March – James Francis Edward Stuart unsuccessfully tries to land at Burntisland on the Firth of Forth with a French fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263212#Events", "title": "1708 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 18", "text": "18 April – Louisa Maria Stuart, considered by Jacobites to be Princess Royal and heir to the throne of her brother James, dies of smallpox in French exile. Her brother also falls ill but recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276007861#Events", "title": "1712 in Great Britain", "revid": 1276007861, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Georg Ludwig von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover, becomes King George I of Great Britain and Ireland, on the death of Queen Anne. Anne's death brings an end to the reign of the House of Stuart, in that her half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the eldest son of James II of England, has been ineligible for the British throne based on the Act of Settlement 1701 had barred members of the Roman Catholic church from becoming monarchs. George of Hanover, as great-grandson of James I of England and a second cousin to Anne, is deemed the eldest living Protestant descendant of James I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#July–September", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – George Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, succeeds his distant relative Queen Anne as King George I of Great Britain. This event becomes the catalyst to the Jacobite risings. Jacobite supporters of James Stuart as heir to the throne began to organise after Queen Anne died, ending the blood line of House of Stuart and resulting in the succession of George of Hanover.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263149#Events", "title": "1714 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263149, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – James Stuart, the \"Old Pretender\" attempting to restore the House of Stuart to control of Great Britain as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland, meets with Pope Clement XI for the assistance of the Roman Catholic Church in the Jacobite rising.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#January–March", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, flees from Great Britain to France. His part in secret negotiations with France, leading to the Treaty of Utrecht, has cast suspicion on him in the eyes of the Whig government of Britain. He becomes secretary of state to the Pretender, James Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#January–March", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "27 March – Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke flees to France. His part in secret negotiations with France leading to the Treaty of Utrecht has cast suspicion on him in the eyes of the Whig government. He becomes Secretary of State to the Pretender, James Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835745#Events", "title": "1715 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835745, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – The first major Jacobite rising in Scotland against the rule of King George I of Great Britain breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart, and marches on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#July–September", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 6", "text": "6 September – first of the major Jacobite risings in Scotland against the rule of King George I of Great Britain: The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart at Braemar and marches on Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263139#Events", "title": "1715 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263139, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 6", "text": "6 September – First of the major Jacobite risings in Scotland against the rule of King George I: The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart and marches on Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835745#Events", "title": "1715 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835745, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – During the rebellion in Great Britain by supporters of the Pretender to the Throne, James Stuart, the Jacobites raid the Scottish parish of Burntisland, capture an arsenal of weapons, and begin an occupation of the area on October 9 in the name of Stuart as King James VIII of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – James Edward Stuart rejoins Jacobite rebels in Scotland, but fails to rouse his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "22 December – James Edward Stuart joins Jacobite rebels at Peterhead but fails to rouse his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263139#Events", "title": "1715 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263139, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "5–10 February – The pretender James Francis Edward Stuart flees from Montrose to France. He dismisses Lord Bolingbroke as his secretary of state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263133#Events", "title": "1716 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 10", "text": "10 February – the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart flees to France with the Earl of Mar. He dismisses Lord Bolingbroke as his Secretary of State replacing him with Mar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360127758#Events", "title": "1716 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360127758, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – James Edward Stuart flees from Scotland to France with a handful of supporters, following the failure of the Jacobite rising of 1715.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#January–March", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April", "text": "April – The Jacobite pretender to the British throne James Stuart is forced to leave France due to the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht. He takes up residence in the Papal exclave in Avignon and later moves to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738069#Events", "title": "1716 in France", "revid": 1353738069, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, was arrested in London for a plot to assist the Pretender to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador to Great Britain, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738082#Events", "title": "1717 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738082, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Count Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish ambassador, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245148#Events", "title": "1717 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245148, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 1", "text": "1 September – Marriage ceremony of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart (\"Old Pretender\" to the Scottish throne) and Princess Maria Clementina Sobieska at Montefiascone in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373600797#Events", "title": "1719 in Scotland", "revid": 1373600797, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Francis Atterbury, Anglican Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, is arrested in his deanery and confined in the Tower of London for treason, accused of leading the Jacobite \"Atterbury Plot\" in support of the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart with the aim of overthrowing the House of Hanover and King George I of Great Britain and restoring the House of Stuart by installing Prince James as \"King James III\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#July–September", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 24", "text": "24 August – Francis Atterbury, Anglican Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, is arrested in his deanery and confined in the Tower of London for treason, accused of leading the Jacobite \"Atterbury Plot\" in support of the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363704574#Events", "title": "1722 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363704574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – King Louis XV of France informs King Philip V of Spain of his intent to try to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the United Kingdom. James Francis Edward Stuart was briefly the Crown Prince of England and Scotland until his father, King James II, was deposed in 1688 and, as Pretender to the Throne, would become King James III if the attack, planned for January 1, 1744 succeeds.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#October–December", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – The Jacobite rising of 1745 begins at Glenfinnan in Scotland, where Charles Edward Stuart (\"Bonnie Prince Charlie\") raises his standard in a campaign to enforce his father James Francis Edward Stuart (the \"Old Pretender\")'s claim to be King James III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353016128#July–September", "title": "1745", "revid": 1353016128, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 17", "text": "17 September – Jacobite rising: In Edinburgh, Charles Stuart proclaims his father James Francis Edward Stuart as James VIII of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368388198#Events", "title": "1745 in Scotland", "revid": 1368388198, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Charles Edward Stuart (\"Bonnie Prince Charlie\", \"the young Pretender\") becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain as King Charles III and figurehead for Jacobitism, on the death of his father James Francis Edward Stuart in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254153#Events", "title": "1766 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254153, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Charles Edward Stuart (\"Bonnie Prince Charlie\") becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain as King Charles III and figurehead for Jacobitism, on the death of his father James Francis Edward Stuart, Pretender since 1701. However, the papacy does not recognise his claim, leading to an improvement in British relations with the Holy See.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374050808#Events", "title": "1766 in Great Britain", "revid": 1374050808, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – James Francis Edward Stuart, The Old Pretender to the British throne (b. 1688)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358061260#Deaths", "title": "1766", "revid": 1358061260, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January - James Francis Edward Stuart, 77, nominally Prince of Wales from his birth until 1701", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300659542#Deaths", "title": "1766 in Wales", "revid": 1300659542, "section": "Deaths"}}]}