{"slug": "isaac-newton", "label": "Isaac Newton", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935", "qid": "Q935", "description": "English mathematician and physicist (1642–1727)", "entries": 34, "years": 20, "span": [1642, 1738], "span_label": ["1642 CE", "1738 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 20}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "royal-society", "label": "Royal Society", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "edmond-halley", "label": "Edmond Halley", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "robert-hooke", "label": "Robert Hooke", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "university-of-cambridge", "label": "University of Cambridge", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "august", "label": "August", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cambridge", "label": "Cambridge", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "january", "label": "January", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "christopher-wren", "label": "Christopher Wren", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lincolnshire", "label": "Lincolnshire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 (O.S.) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#October–December", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 25", "text": "25 December – Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist (died 1727)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737168#Births", "title": "1642 in England", "revid": 1353737168, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 (N.S.) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340617365#January–March", "title": "1643", "revid": 1340617365, "section": "Births › January–March"}}, {"year": 1643, "year_label": "1643 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 4", "text": "4 January (N.S.) – Isaac Newton, mathematician and physicist (died 1727)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737179#Births", "title": "1643 in England", "revid": 1353737179, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – The Great Plague forces the closure of the University of Cambridge, where Isaac Newton is a student. Newton retires to his home in Lincolnshire for safety, and stays there for two years. During this time alone, Newton will make groundbreaking discoveries in mathematics, calculus, mechanics and optics, and lay the foundations for his books Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica and Optiks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#July–September", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton uses a prism to split sunlight, as referenced in his alchemical works as Lux Dei, into the component colours of the optical spectrum, assisting the understanding of the scientific nature of light. He also develops differential calculus simultaneously with Leibniz. 1666 is consequently referred to as his Annus mirabilis or Newton's \"Year of the Morning Star\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#Date_unknown", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton uses a prism to split sunlight (Deus phos) into the component colours of the optical spectrum, assisting understanding of the scientific nature of light. He also develops differential calculus. His discoveries this year lead to it being referred to as his Annus mirabilis or Newton's \"Year of the Morning Star\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737369#Undated", "title": "1666 in England", "revid": 1353737369, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton has investigated and written on optics, acoustics, the infinitesimal calculus, mechanism and thermodynamics. The works will be published only years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#Date_unknown", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "English scientist Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope (Newton's reflector).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#Date_unknown", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope (Newton's reflector)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737382#Undated", "title": "1668 in England", "revid": 1353737382, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Isaac Newton writes his first description of his new invention, the reflecting telescope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#January–March", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 23", "text": "23 February – Isaac Newton writes his first description of his new invention, the reflecting telescope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737390#Events", "title": "1669 in England", "revid": 1353737390, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 29", "text": "29 October – Isaac Newton appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737390#Events", "title": "1669 in England", "revid": 1353737390, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, national science academy for England, elects Isaac Newton to its membership, and then demonstrates Newton's reflecting telescope to King Charles II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 11", "text": "11 January – Isaac Newton is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and it then demonstrates his reflecting telescope to the King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 6", "text": "6 February – Isaac Newton sends for publication a paper regarding his experiments on the refraction of light through glass prisms and makes the first identification of the primary colours.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737432#Events", "title": "1672 in England", "revid": 1353737432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 (February 6, 1671 O.S.) – Isaac Newton sends a paper for publication regarding his experiments on the refraction of light through glass prisms and makes the first identification of the \"primary colors\" of visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum, reporting that \"The Original or primary colours are, Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and a Violet-purple, together with Orange, Indico, and an indefinite variety of Intermediate gradations.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 18", "text": "18 February – Isaac Newton observes to Robert Hooke that \"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737473#Events", "title": "1676 in England", "revid": 1353737473, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 2", "text": "2 June – Hannah Ayscough, mother of Isaac Newton (born 1623)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737517#Deaths", "title": "1679 in England", "revid": 1353737517, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January", "text": "January – Edmond Halley, Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the inverse-square law, but also all the laws of planetary motion attributed to Sir Isaac Newton. Hooke's claim is that in a letter to Newton on 6 January 1680, he first stated the inverse-square law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#January–March", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August", "text": "August – Edmond Halley goes to Cambridge to discuss the problem of planetary motion with Isaac Newton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#July–September", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#October–December", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 10", "text": "10 December – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737588#Events", "title": "1684 in England", "revid": 1353737588, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the Principia, is published by the Royal Society of London. In it, Newton describes his law of universal gravitation, explains the laws of mechanics, and gives a formula for the speed of sound. The writing of Principia Mathematica ushers in a tidal wave of changes in thought, significantly accelerating the Scientific Revolution by providing new and practical intellectual tools, and becomes the foundation of modern physics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#July–September", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Isaac Newton is elected president of the Royal Society of London, a position he will hold until his death in 1727.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#October–December", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton publishes his Opticks. He also predicts that the world will end in 2060.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "16 April – Isaac Newton is knighted by Queen Anne at Trinity College, Cambridge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737891#Events", "title": "1705 in England", "revid": 1353737891, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Queen Anne of England honours Isaac Newton with the title of Knight Bachelor at Trinity College, Cambridge.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#April–June", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Isaac Newton, Arithmetica Universalis", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320244983#Books", "title": "1707 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320244983, "section": "Books"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Silvanus Bevan is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on the recommendation of Sir Isaac Newton.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291456013#Events", "title": "1725 in Wales", "revid": 1291456013, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (b. 1643)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#Deaths", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 31", "text": "31 March – Sir Isaac Newton, scientist (born 1642)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324859351#Deaths", "title": "1727 in Great Britain", "revid": 1324859351, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Sir Isaac Newton's Method of Fluxions (1671), describing his method of differential calculus, is first published (posthumously) and Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of its logical foundations (anonymously).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559528#Date_unknown", "title": "1736", "revid": 1360559528, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Pierre Louis Maupertuis publishes Sur la figure de la terre, which confirms Newton's view that the earth is an oblate spheroid, slightly flattened at the poles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363165384#Date_unknown", "title": "1738", "revid": 1363165384, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}