{"slug": "international-court-of-justice", "label": "International Court of Justice", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7801", "qid": "Q7801", "description": "primary judicial organ of the United Nations", "entries": 29, "years": 21, "span": [1933, 2025], "span_label": ["1933 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["World Court"], "related": [{"slug": "chad", "label": "Chad", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "the-hague", "label": "The Hague", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "venezuela", "label": "Venezuela", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "peru", "label": "Peru", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-nations", "label": "United Nations", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "malaysia", "label": "Malaysia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "singapore", "label": "Singapore", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The International Court of Justice in The Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark, and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#April", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The International Court of Justice (\"World Court\") is established by the United Nations Charter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – The inaugural session of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) takes place at The Hague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372058859#April", "title": "1946", "revid": 1372058859, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 9", "text": "9 April - United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 recommends that the United Kingdom and Albania take their dispute over the Straits of Corfu to the International Court of Justice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353806646#April", "title": "1947 in Albania", "revid": 1353806646, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "20 November – The International Court of Justice hands down their decision on Colombia v. Peru or the Asylum case, siding with Peru. This allows Peru to deny Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, leader of the American People's Revolutionary Alliance, safe passage to political asylum in Colombia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320587149#November", "title": "1950 in Colombia", "revid": 1320587149, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 4", "text": "4 April – In the Hague Tribunal, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358744988#Events", "title": "1952 in Israel", "revid": 1358744988, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#May", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#October", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Revolutions of 1989: The Soviet Union submits to the jurisdiction of the World Court.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#August", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict, the International Court of Justice rules that the Aouzou Strip belongs to the Republic of Chad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#February", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 3", "text": "3 February – The Libya–Chad Territorial Dispute case was decided by the International Court of Justice in favor of Chad", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341342306#Events", "title": "1994 in Libya", "revid": 1341342306, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The International Court of Justice rules in favor of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 case.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#February", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 — The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled against Nigeria in favor of Cameroon over the disputed oil-rich Bakassi peninsula territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361615404#October", "title": "2002 in Nigeria", "revid": 1361615404, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The International Court of Justice rules in the Avena case that the United States had violated its obligations to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations when prosecuting Mexican nationals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#March", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#February", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#May", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The United Nations International Court of Justice rules that Japan's Antarctic whaling program is not scientific but commercial and forbids grants of further permits.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#March", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2017, "year_label": "2017 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – The International Court of Justice finds Ratko Mladić guilty of genocide committed in Srebrenica during the 1990s Bosnian War, the worst massacre in Europe since World War II. He is sentenced to life in prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371948773#November", "title": "2017", "revid": 1371948773, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 15", "text": "15 April – Guatemalan territorial dispute referendum, 2018, on whether the Guatemalan government should request the International Court of Justice to finally resolve the Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303197194#April", "title": "2018 in Guatemala", "revid": 1303197194, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The International Court of Justice rules that Chile is not obliged to negotiate access to the Pacific Ocean with Bolivia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#October", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 12", "text": "12 September – Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute: Juan Edghill, Minister of Public Affairs, expresses confidence that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) will rule in Guyana's favor in the border dispute with Venezuela.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319592305#Events", "title": "2020 in Guyana", "revid": 1319592305, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Vanuatu launches a global campaign to seek an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Vanuatu bases its decision on being incapable with its own decisions to address rising sea levels and other challenges linked to climate change and wants the ICJ to establish responsibilities for climate change under international law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274618166#Events", "title": "2021 in Vanuatu", "revid": 1274618166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 6", "text": "6 April – The International Court of Justice rules that the case of territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana over Guayana Esequiba can proceed. Guyanese President Irfaan Ali welcomes the decision and commits Guyana to solve the dispute peacefully. Venezuela had earlier rejected the ruling, alleging that the case cannot be heard without the involvement of the United Kingdom, Guyana's former colonial power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1245935071#Events", "title": "2023 in Guyana", "revid": 1245935071, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Gaza war: The UN's International Court of Justice rules that Israel must take all measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, but stops short of ordering an immediate halt to operations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#January", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The UN's highest court, the ICJ, rules that Israel must halt its military offensive in Rafah, southern Gaza.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#May", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 23", "text": "23 July: Vanuatu leads a diplomatic effort at the International Court of Justice to rule that states must protect human rights and phase out fossil fuels to address climate change.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336653307#Events", "title": "2024 in Vanuatu", "revid": 1336653307, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – The International Court of Justice (ICJ) rules that countries can sue each other over historical emissions of greenhouse gases and the effects of climate change.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#July", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 23", "text": "23 July: The International Court of Justice, acting on a case led by Vanuatu, rules that climate change is an \"existential threat\" and that countries failing to meet their climate obligations could be in breach of international law and liable to reparations claims by affected countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321772015#Events", "title": "2025 in Vanuatu", "revid": 1321772015, "section": "Events"}}]}