{"slug": "indus-river", "label": "Indus River", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7348", "qid": "Q7348", "description": "river in Asia", "entries": 14, "years": 14, "span": [-512, 1992], "span_label": ["513 BCE", "1992 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Indus", "Indus Valley"], "related": [{"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alexander-the-great", "label": "Alexander the Great", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pakistan", "label": "Pakistan", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "buddhism", "label": "Buddhism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hindu-kush", "label": "Hindu Kush", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bhikkhu", "label": "Bhikkhu", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kashmir", "label": "Kashmir", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "xuanzang", "label": "Xuanzang", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ghaznavid-empire", "label": "Ghaznavid Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kabul", "label": "Kabul", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "baghdad", "label": "Baghdad", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -512, "year_label": "513 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Western India, which includes the Indus Valley, becomes the Persian satrapy Hindush.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129130#Asia", "title": "513 BC", "revid": 1350129130, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -326, "year_label": "327 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great invades northern India. Recrossing the Hindu Kush, Alexander divides his forces. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, are sent through the Khyber Pass, while Alexander leads the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. His advance through Swat and Gandhara is marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, a few miles west of the Indus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259124608#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "327 BC", "revid": 1259124608, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Alexander the Great crosses the Indus near Attock and enters ancient Taxila, whose ruler, Taxiles (or Ambhi), furnishes 130 war elephants and troops in return for aid against his rival Porus, who rules the lands between the Hydaspes (modern Jhelum River) and the Acesines (modern Chenab River).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great leaves India and nominates his officer Peithon, son of Agenor, as the satrap of the region around the Indus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": 58, "year_label": "58 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Ming of Han introduces Buddhism to China inviting monks from the western Indus Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#China", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 58 AD › China"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chaturanga, Indian war game and an ancestor of chess through the Persian game of Shatranj (or Chatrang), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Ancient_Games", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By topic › Ancient Games"}}, {"year": 606, "year_label": "606 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Harsha of Thanesar establishes a northern Indian Empire, and unites the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802689#Asia", "title": "606", "revid": 1340802689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir (\"Heaven on Earth\") in northwestern India (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Religion", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After pirates plunder an Arab ship near the mouth of the Indus River (Pakistan), Umayyad Arabs under Muhammad ibn Qasim invade India with 10,000 men and 6,000 horses, establishing a sultanate in Sindh. Qasim sends expeditions to Surashtra, where he makes peaceful treaty settlements with the Rashtrakuta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Asia", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 786, "year_label": "786 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, upon the death of his brother Al-Hadi. He appoints Salim Yunisi as governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848276#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "786", "revid": 1340848276, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Sabuktigin, emir of the Ghaznavid Dynasty, invades India. He expands the emirate between the Kabul Valley and the Indus River after defeating King Jayapala.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Arabian_Empire", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River, near Sukkur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#February", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 8", "text": "8 September – 1992 India–Pakistan floods, almost 1,000 people die and 3 million are evacuated due to flooding in Punjab province caused by torrential rains swelling the Indus river and its tributaries, a thousand more are also killed in the Kashmir region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351642442#Events", "title": "1992 in Pakistan", "revid": 1351642442, "section": "Events"}}]}