{"slug": "house-of-habsburg", "label": "House of Habsburg", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65968", "qid": "Q65968", "description": "European imperial dynasty", "entries": 52, "years": 48, "span": [920, 1859], "span_label": ["920 CE", "1859 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 17}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 14}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Habsburg", "Habsburg dynasty", "Habsburgs"], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-bohemia", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rudolf-i-of-germany", "label": "Rudolf I of Germany", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "old-swiss-confederacy", "label": "Old Swiss Confederacy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "francis-ii-rakoczi", "label": "Francis II Rákóczi", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottokar-ii-of-bohemia", "label": "Ottokar II of Bohemia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "croatia", "label": "Croatia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-carinthia", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "louis-iv-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vienna", "label": "Vienna", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Guntram the Rich, founder of the House of Habsburg (d. 973)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Births", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Werner I, German nobleman (House of Habsburg)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#Deaths", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long \"Great Interregnum\". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Europe", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1273, "year_label": "1273 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – Rudolf I is elected King of Germany over the rival candidate Ottokar II, king of Bohemia, ending the Great Interregnum. He is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne and is crowned in Aachen Cathedral, on October 24. Ottokar refuses to acknowledge Rudolf as the new ruler and is placed under the imperial ban, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364847849#Europe", "title": "1273", "revid": 1364847849, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Europe", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by Kings Rudolf I of Germany in alliance with Ladislaus IV of Hungary (\"the Cuman\"), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Births", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1290, "year_label": "1290 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "John Parricida, German nobleman (House of Habsburg) (d. 1312)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343598991#Births", "title": "1290", "revid": 1343598991, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Rudolf I, king of Germany (House of Habsburg) (b. 1218)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Deaths", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Federal Charter of 1291: The \"three forest cantons\" (Waldstätte) of Switzerland (Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the House of Habsburg; this is a starting point for growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy. This year is also the traditional date of the Rütli Oath (Rütlischwur), the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at Rütli meadow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Europe", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1300, "year_label": "1300 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – Rudolf III, the Habsburg Duke of Austria since 1298, marries the eldest daughter of King Philip III of France, Princess Blanche. The couple remain married until her death on March 1, 1305.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363832742#April_–_June", "title": "1300", "revid": 1363832742, "section": "April – June"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – 19 October 1314 imperial election for the Holy Roman Emperor at Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main). The 25-year-old Frederick the Fair of the House of Habsburg is elected by four of the electors and is crowned at Bonn Minster on November 25; however, in a dispute over validity of the election, Louis IV the Bavarian of the House of Wittelsbach is elected the following day by the remaining three electors and is crowned at Aachen, leading to civil war in the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#October_–_December", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1318, "year_label": "1318 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Anne of Austria, German princess (House of Habsburg) (d. 1343)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361981975#Births", "title": "1318", "revid": 1361981975, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Congress of Visegrád: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1335, "year_label": "1335 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia is ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067892#Date_unknown", "title": "1335", "revid": 1267067892, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – The Treaty of Neuberg is signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#July–September", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – At the Battle of Näfels, the Canton of Glarus, in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy, decisively defeats the Duchy of Austria and the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered 16 to one.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#April–June", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#Date_unknown", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#Date_unknown", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The Swiss Canton of Bern intervenes to block an agreement between the Canton of Zürich that would have ceded the town of Grüningen to the Habsburg family of Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#January–March", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs, as 1,200 soldiers of the Confederation defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhart V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#January–March", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1466, "year_label": "1466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Mülhausen, a free city within the Holy Roman Empire, joins the Swiss Confederacy in an alliance against the Habsburg dynasty including the Emperor Frederick III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340205441#April–June", "title": "1466", "revid": 1340205441, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#Date_unknown", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "9 February and 20 March – Treaties of Windsor ally England, Burgundy, and the Habsburgs against France. These are signed by Philip while held by Henry VII at Windsor Castle", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539805#Events", "title": "1506 in England", "revid": 1367539805, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, plotted against King Francis I allaying with the Habsburgs. The plot ultimately failed, and Charles fled France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736357#Events", "title": "1523 in France", "revid": 1353736357, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#October–December", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 –The Treaty of Cambrai is signed between the Valois dynasty and the Habsburgs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736386#Events", "title": "1529 in France", "revid": 1353736386, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage and to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#October–December", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 23", "text": "23 May - Election of Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa), 223rd Pope of the Catholic Church (end of the pontificate in 1559). He succeeds Pope Marcellus II, dead after 22 days of reign. He reforms the Dataria and the Inquisition. Coming from an ancient Neapolitan family, traditionally hostile to the Aragonese, he makes an alliance with the King of France to expel the Habsburgs from Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736563#Events", "title": "1555 in France", "revid": 1353736563, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1568, "year_label": "1568 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The Habsburgs agree to pay tribute to the Ottomans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362476556#January–March", "title": "1568", "revid": 1362476556, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1572, "year_label": "1572 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Capture of Brielle: The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zeeland against Spanish Habsburg rule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam) under rebel control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370792520#April–June", "title": "1572", "revid": 1370792520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1593, "year_label": "1593 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351972668#April–June", "title": "1593", "revid": 1351972668, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – Battle of Keresztes: The Ottoman Empire Turks defeat a combined Habsburg–Transylvanian army, after two days of fighting: .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#October–December", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The secret Oñate treaty is signed in Vienna between representatives of King Philip III of Spain reached an agreement with the junior Habsburg branch of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, the heads of two different branches of the House of Habsburg. Spain's Ambassador to Austria, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate signs on behalf of King Philip.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#July–September", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1634, "year_label": "1634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – After the Battle of Nördlingen, Richelieu advises the king to continue to support the anti-Habsburg cause.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737084#July–December", "title": "1634 in France", "revid": 1353737084, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#October–December", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1658, "year_label": "1658 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Prince Leopold of the House of Habsburg, son of the late Ferdinand III, is elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986033#July–September", "title": "1658", "revid": 1365986033, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – In the Treaty of Oliva, peace is made between the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – Francis II Rákóczi, Hungarian rebel against the Habsburgs (d. 1735)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#Births", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Charles II, the last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid aged 38, leaving no children; his last will makes Philip of Anjou his heir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#October–December", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – War of the Spanish Succession: Habsburg Archduke Charles is proclaimed King of Spain, but never exercises full rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#July–September", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – On Francis II Rákóczi's recommendation, and with Count Miklos Bercsényi's support, a meeting of the Hungarian independence activists, held at the village of Ónod declares the deposing of the House of Habsburg (and Joseph I, King of Hungary) from the Hungarian throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – In the Battle of Trenčín, 8,000 soldiers of the Imperial Army of the Habsburgs are victorious over the 15,000 Hungarian Kuruc forces of Francis II Rákóczi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#July–December", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, to ensure one of his daughters will inherit the Habsburg lands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#April–June", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Francis II Rákóczi, Hungarian rebel against the Habsburgs (b. 1676)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#Deaths", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Francis I, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, is elected Holy Roman Emperor by the nine prince-electors of the Empire (from Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover, Mainz, the Palatinate, Saxony and Trier) with the support of his wife, Maria Theresa. He is the successor of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, an enemy of the House of Habsburg, who died on January 20 of this year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353016128#July–September", "title": "1745", "revid": 1353016128, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies in Vienna after 40 years of rule, and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370564554#October–December", "title": "1780", "revid": 1370564554, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Winterthur – Habsburg forces secure control of north-east Switzerland from the French Army of the Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370057226#April–June", "title": "1799", "revid": 1370057226, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – The Croatian army of Josip Jelačić, encouraged in secret by the Habsburg government, crosses the Drava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#July–September", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – The Hungarian king and Habsburg emperor Ferdinand V refuses to recognise the Hungarian government, led by Lajos Batthyány. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of Lajos Kossuth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#July–September", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1849, "year_label": "1849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The first Russian troops, led by Lieutenant General Fyodor Sergeyevich Panyutin, who come in the aid of the Habsburgs, cross the Hungarian border at Pozsony, in order to crush the Hungarian revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362576929#April–June", "title": "1849", "revid": 1362576929, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, ending an ascendancy of 109 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#July–September", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}