{"slug": "gustavus-adolphus", "label": "Gustavus Adolphus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52938", "qid": "Q52938", "description": "Swedish king (regent 1611–1632) (1594–1632)", "entries": 39, "years": 16, "span": [1585, 1632], "span_label": ["1585 CE", "1632 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 19}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Gustaf II Adolf", "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden"], "related": [{"slug": "thirty-years-war", "label": "Thirty Years' War", "shared": 16}, {"slug": "johann-tserclaes-count-of-tilly", "label": "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "albrecht-von-wallenstein", "label": "Albrecht von Wallenstein", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "nuremberg", "label": "Nuremberg", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "christina-queen-of-sweden", "label": "Christina, Queen of Sweden", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bavaria", "label": "Bavaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pomerania", "label": "Pomerania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "stockholm", "label": "Stockholm", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "riga", "label": "Riga", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gothenburg", "label": "Gothenburg", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "14th of February – Marcus Kock, Belgian born Master of Mint for Gustavus Adolphus (d. 1657)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362732688#Births", "title": "1585 in Sweden", "revid": 1362732688, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Johan Kasimir av Pfalz-Zweibrücken, a German count, Palatine Count and Duke, is married to Gustav II Adolf's sister Catherine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369292321#Events", "title": "1589 in Sweden", "revid": 1369292321, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Swedish king and general (d. 1632)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#July–December", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Births › July–December"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 9", "text": "9 December - Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, monarch (died 1632)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367230704#Births", "title": "1594 in Sweden", "revid": 1367230704, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1611, "year_label": "1611 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – At the age of 16, Gustav II Adolf succeeds his father Charles IX as King of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1277342005#October–December", "title": "1611", "revid": 1277342005, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Gustavus Adolphus replies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates of Novgorod, stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title of Tsar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#January–March", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Battle of Vittsjö: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and 3,000 of his troops are forced to retreat from Denmark. The 17-year old king almost drowns while attempting to ride his horse across a frozen lake, but is rescued by two other members of his cavalry. The horse is lost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#January–March", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Swedish troops led by King Gustavus Adolphus begin the siege of the Russian city of Pskov, but fail to take the fortress after 12 weeks. The siege ends on October 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#July–September", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The town of Uusikaupunki (Nystad, lit. \"New Town\") was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#April–June", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – The coronation ceremony of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden takes place in Stockholm, almost six years after he succeeded to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#October–December", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1620, "year_label": "1620 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Finnish town of Kokkola (Karleby) is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363705489#July–September", "title": "1620", "revid": 1363705489, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The king also grants city rights to Luleå, Piteå and Torneå (Tornio). Riga falls under the rule of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#Date_unknown", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – The city of Tornio in Lapland is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, becoming the northernmost city in the world at the time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#April–June", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15: The city of Sala is granted town privileges by Gustaf II Adolf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345375846#April", "title": "1624 in Sweden", "revid": 1345375846, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#January–March", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The administrative rural parish of Iisalmi (Idensalmi) is established in Savonia, by order of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#January–March", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the \"foolishness and insanity\" (\"dårskap och galenskap\") of religious visionary Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#January–March", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the Protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#July–September", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War begins when King Gustav Adolf of Sweden, leading an army of 13,000 on the protestant side, makes landfall at Peenemünde, Pomerania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320326639#Events", "title": "1630 in Sweden", "revid": 1320326639, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "23 January – Thirty Years' War: France and Sweden sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to maintain an army campaign against northern Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737050#Events", "title": "1631 in France", "revid": 1353737050, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#April–June", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly sacks the Protestant German city of Magdeburg, and massacres over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#April–June", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The city of Würzburg is taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, putting an end to the Würzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for witchcraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Werben: Tilly defeats Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Breitenfeld: Tilly's Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#July–September", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#October–December", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of Gustaf II Adolf, king of Sweden, he is succeeded by his 6-year-old daughter Christina while five regents, headed by Axel Oxenstierna, govern the country since she is underage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus invades Bavaria with his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#January–March", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf of Sweden, invades Bavaria with his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Thirty Years' War – Gustaf II Adolf defeats Tilly for the second time within a year at the Battle of Rain. Tilly is severely wounded during the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rain – Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly's Catholic League armies for the second time within a year; Tilly is severely wounded during the battle and dies on April 30.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#April–June", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#July–September", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "9 September – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737061#Events", "title": "1632 in France", "revid": 1353737061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Thirty Years' War – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322954574#Events", "title": "1632 in Sweden", "revid": 1322954574, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (in battle) (b. 1594)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#Deaths", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1632, "year_label": "1632 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358528035#October–December", "title": "1632", "revid": 1358528035, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}