{"slug": "germanic-peoples", "label": "Germanic peoples", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22633", "qid": "Q22633", "description": "Indo-European ethnolinguistic group", "entries": 42, "years": 41, "span": [-112, 723], "span_label": ["113 BCE", "723 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 27}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Germanic people", "Germanic tribes"], "related": [{"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "goths", "label": "Goths", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roman-triumph", "label": "Roman triumph", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alemanni", "label": "Alemanni", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-legion", "label": "Roman legion", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "marcomanni", "label": "Marcomanni", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alps", "label": "Alps", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -112, "year_label": "113 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Iberia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259352573#Roman_Republic", "title": "113 BC", "revid": 1259352573, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -103, "year_label": "104 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome enacts a state of emergency, as the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305141071#Roman_Republic", "title": "104 BC", "revid": 1305141071, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -37, "year_label": "38 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Octavian appoints Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he puts down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fights successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becomes the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327611270#Roman_Republic", "title": "38 BC", "revid": 1327611270, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -15, "year_label": "16 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Clades Lolliana: Roman consul Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372034339#Roman_Empire", "title": "16 BC", "revid": 1372034339, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilises a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He travels to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 10, "year_label": "10 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 10 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 15, "year_label": "15 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – As part of his campaign against the Germanic peoples, Germanicus captures Thusnelda, wife of Arminius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 15 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 16, "year_label": "16 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanicus employs the North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine Delta, aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at the Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return, the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 16 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 17, "year_label": "17 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Germanicus returns to Rome as a conquering hero; he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other Germanic tribes west of the Elbe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 17 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ends the threat to the Romans from Germanic tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 19 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 58, "year_label": "58 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "In Thuringia, conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Europe", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 58 AD › Europe"}}, {"year": 83, "year_label": "83 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371506430#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 83", "revid": 1371506430, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 169, "year_label": "169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302818#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 169", "revid": 1371302818, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 171, "year_label": "171 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303100#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 171", "revid": 1371303100, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 172, "year_label": "172 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force. He subdues the Marcomanni and their allies and then, in a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into the Roman Empire to occupy areas that have been depopulated by the plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303180#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 172", "revid": 1371303180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 176, "year_label": "176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Marcus Aurelius and Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps, and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304911#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 176", "revid": 1371304911, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 180, "year_label": "180 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus, achieves a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305659#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 180", "revid": 1371305659, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 213, "year_label": "213 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title \"Germanicus\". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077872#Roman_Empire", "title": "213", "revid": 1267077872, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 233, "year_label": "233 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his \"victory\" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186513#Roman_Empire", "title": "233", "revid": 1371186513, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 238, "year_label": "238 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227244#Roman_Empire", "title": "238", "revid": 1371227244, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 251, "year_label": "251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188077#Roman_Empire", "title": "251", "revid": 1371188077, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 253, "year_label": "253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188254#Roman_Empire", "title": "253", "revid": 1371188254, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps, are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus, near Mediolanum (modern Milan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire and protects the Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Roman_Empire", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 268, "year_label": "268 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Battle of Lake Benacus: A Roman army (35,000 men) under emperor Claudius II defeats the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni along the banks of Lake Garda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890231#Roman_Empire", "title": "268", "revid": 1325890231, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Roman_Empire", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 271, "year_label": "271 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Fano: The Iuthungi move towards a defenseless Rome. Aurelian rallies his men and defeats the Germanic tribes on the Metauro River, just inland of Fano.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347633744#Roman_Empire", "title": "271", "revid": 1347633744, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 274, "year_label": "274 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanic tribes take advantage of the destroyed Roman forces of the Rhine to raid Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271086341#Roman_Empire", "title": "274", "revid": 1271086341, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Germans destroy the Roman fleet on the Rhine; Bonosus is proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Thuringi, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Europe", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Europe", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome's enemies (the Germans, Sarmatians and Huns) are taken into Imperial service; as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 394, "year_label": "394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Roman army: The Notitia Dignitatum shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369162073#Roman_Empire", "title": "394", "revid": 1369162073, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of Radagaisus: King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Roman_Empire", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 428, "year_label": "428 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain, according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321157185#Europe", "title": "428", "revid": 1321157185, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric (\"Caesar King\"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 454, "year_label": "454 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ardaric unites the Gepids with other Germanic tribes, and founds the Kingdom of the Gepids in the Pannonian Basin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747737#Europe", "title": "454", "revid": 1364747737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 456, "year_label": "456 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer, to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice: on land at the Battle of Agrigentum, and in a sea battle off Corsica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752999#Roman_Empire", "title": "456", "revid": 1364752999, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 470, "year_label": "470 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian foederati) in Northern Italy (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333241735#Europe", "title": "470", "revid": 1333241735, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Germanic and Slavic peoples have tremendous population growth, with the Slavs colonizing the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Europe", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 723, "year_label": "723 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, fells Thor's Oak (a sacred tree) near Fritzlar in Hesse, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904987#Religion", "title": "723", "revid": 1364904987, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}]}