{"slug": "french-and-indian-war", "label": "French and Indian War", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154697", "qid": "Q154697", "description": "North American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War", "entries": 30, "years": 13, "span": [1706, 1765], "span_label": ["1706 CE", "1765 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "seven-years-war", "label": "Seven Years' War", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "george-washington", "label": "George Washington", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "province-of-north-carolina", "label": "Province of North Carolina", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lenape", "label": "Lenape", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "colony-of-virginia", "label": "Colony of Virginia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "december", "label": "December", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "quebec", "label": "Quebec", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pennsylvania", "label": "Pennsylvania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-orleans", "label": "New Orleans", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mississippi-river", "label": "Mississippi River", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "James Abercrombie, British Army general and commander-in-chief of forces in North America during the French and Indian War (died 1781)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349952343#Births", "title": "1706 in Canada", "revid": 1349952343, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Major George Washington and British guide Christopher Gist arrive at Fort Le Boeuf (near modern-day Waterford, Pennsylvania and the city of Erie), a French fortress built in territory claimed by the British Crown Colony of Virginia. Washington presents the fort's commander, French Army Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a message from Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie advising that \"The lands upon the Ohio River are so notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise... to hear that a body of French fortresses and making settlements upon that river, within His Majesty's dominions,\" adding that \"It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure.\" Captain Legardeur provides a reply for Washington to take to Dinwiddie, declaring that the rights of France's King Louis XV to the land \"are incontestable\", and refuses to back down, leading to beginning of the French and Indian War in 1754.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#October–December", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1754–63 - French and Indian War (the colonial phase of Europe's Seven Years' War)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953871#Events", "title": "1754 in Canada", "revid": 1349953871, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – French and Indian War: Battle of Jumonville Glen – The war begins when George Washington, 22, leads a company of militia from the Colony of Virginia, in an ambush on a force of 35 French Canadians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#April–June", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 28", "text": "28 May – The Battle of Jumonville Glen begins the French and Indian War in North America: 22-year-old George Washington leads a company of militia from the Colony of Virginia in an ambush on a force of 35 French Canadians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738506#Events", "title": "1754 in France", "revid": 1353738506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – French and Indian War – Battle of Fort Necessity: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers, the only surrender in Washington's military career.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#July–September", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "3 July – French and Indian War: Battle of Fort Necessity – George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738506#Events", "title": "1754 in France", "revid": 1353738506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – France completes the construction of Fort Duquesne, its new base to the west of the British colony of Pennsylvania. The British capture the fort during the French and Indian War and rename it Fort Pitt. The site, at the junction of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River, is now Pittsburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#April–June", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – French and Indian War – Braddock Expedition: British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#July–September", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 9", "text": "9 July – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360195170#Events", "title": "1755 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360195170, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – French and Indian War – Battle of Lake George: French Army troops, led by Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, and Canadian colonists, led by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, drive south into Britain's New York province. They are met by British Army troops under General William Johnson being supplemented by 200 Mohawk troops led by the Mohawk war chief, Theyanoguin. After Theyanouguin and other Mohawks are killed in the battle, the clan matrons of the Mohawk nation forbid the men from participating in the war against the French until a French defeat seems certain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#July–September", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Fort Oswego falls to the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#July–September", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Militias of the Royal Colony of North Carolina build a fort on the province's western frontier to protect it against natives allied with the French. The fort is named Fort Dobbs in honor of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs, who persuaded the North Carolina legislature to fund the construction a year earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349937992#October–December", "title": "1756", "revid": 1349937992, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3–9 – French and Indian War: A French army under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm forces the English to surrender Fort William Henry. The French army's Indian allies slaughter the surviving men, women and children.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#July–September", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The French and Indian War, the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738572#The_Seven_Years'_War", "title": "1758 in France", "revid": 1353738572, "section": "Events › The Seven Years' War"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Mary Campbell is abducted from her home in Pennsylvania by members of the Lenape Nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366206062#April–June", "title": "1758", "revid": 1366206062, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "8 July – French and Indian War: Battle of Carillon; French forces hold Fort Carillon against British at Ticonderoga, New York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367633778#May_to_August", "title": "1758 in Great Britain", "revid": 1367633778, "section": "Events › May to August"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#July–September", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26–27 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) – Battle of Ticonderoga: At the southern end of Lake Champlain, French forces withdraw from Fort Carillon, which is taken by the British under General Amherst, and renamed Fort Ticonderoga.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#July–September", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) – Battle of the Plains of Abraham: Quebec falls to British forces, following General James Wolfe's victory just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General Wolfe are fatally wounded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354612770#July–September", "title": "1759", "revid": 1354612770, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War & Anglo-Cherokee War – Cherokee natives attack a North Carolina militia stationed at Fort Dobbs, in the western part of the province. The attack is repelled by the militia, under the command of General Hugh Waddell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#January–March", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Battle of Restigouche: The British defeat French forces, in the last naval battle in New France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#July–September", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Dissatisfied with the progress of the French and Indian War, King George III dismisses his Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, and replaces him with his former tutor, Tory politician John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. The Bute ministry lasts less than a year before Stuart's resignation in 1763.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#April–June", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – French and Indian War: Battle of Signal Hill – British troops defeat the French in the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, fought in the Newfoundland Colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#July–September", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "15 September – French and Indian War – Battle of Signal Hill – British troops defeat the French in the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War, fought in the Newfoundland Colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1276244439#Events", "title": "1762 in Great Britain", "revid": 1276244439, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 10", "text": "February 10 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war, and France cedes Canada (New France) to Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#January–March", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – After the British victory in the French and Indian War, the first post-war British expedition to explore the newly acquired territories east of the Mississippi River comes under attack by Tunica warriors. The 340 British Army men, under the command of Major Arthur Loftus, were at a spot south of Natchez, Mississippi and were forced to flee in their boats back toward the port of New Orleans while under fire from an unknown number of Tunicas firing from both banks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – The Niagara Conference begins at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the northern district, who hosts \"one of the largest conventions of red men ever held on the continent\" to negotiate the end of the hostilities from the French and Indian War. Reportedly, 2,000 representatives of the North American tribes meet at upstate New York coming from distances ranging \"From Dakota to Hudson's Bay, and from Maine to Kentucky.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#July–September", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Mary Campbell, a captive of the Lenape during the French and Indian War, is turned over to forces commanded by Colonel Henry Bouquet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#October–December", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Isaac Barré, a member of the British House of Commons for Wycombe and a veteran of the French and Indian War in the British American colonies, coins the term \"Sons of Liberty\" in a rebuttal to Charles Townshend's derisive description of the American colonists during the introduction of the proposed Stamp Act. Barré notes that \"They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country... And yet, actuated by the principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suffered in their own country, from the hands of those who should have been their friends.\" American colonists adopt the term for their own organization after reading the accounts of Barré's speech.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#January–March", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}