{"slug": "france", "label": "France", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142", "qid": "Q142", "description": "country in Western Europe and other continents (through its overseas territories in America, Africa and Oceania)", "entries": 338, "years": 259, "span": [-599, 2025], "span_label": ["600 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 104}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 68}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 37}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 27}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 22}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 20}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 14}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 12}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 11}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 7}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}], "also_known_as": ["French Republic"], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 21}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-burgundy", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Western_Europe", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 2, "year_label": "2 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "AD 2 – Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman usurper Proculus starts a rebellion at Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and proclaims himself emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 303, "year_label": "303 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens (Modern day France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330172013#Roman_Empire", "title": "303", "revid": 1330172013, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall the army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title Alemannicus Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A synod is held in Bordeaux (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Religion", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The first Council of Orange is convened under the guidance of Hilary of Arles in Orange (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Europe", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 509, "year_label": "509 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Clovis I (Chlodowech) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790384#Europe", "title": "509", "revid": 1340790384, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Autun - The Franks, under command of King Childebert I and his brother Chlothar I, invade the Kingdom of Burgundy. They defeat the Burgundians under King Godomar near Autun (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Europe", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Heavy taxes levied by Merovingian king Chilperic I of Neustria produce a revolt at Limoges (central France), as he sells bishoprics to the highest bidder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Europe", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Chilperic I is stabbed to death while returning from a hunt near Chelles, after a 23-year reign over a territory extending from Aquitaine, to the northern seacoast of what later will be France. His wife Fredegund, who has paid for his assassination, seizes his wealth, flees to Paris with her son Chlothar II, and persuades the nobles to accept him as legitimate heir while she serves as regent, continuing her power struggles with Guntram, king of Burgundy, and her sister Brunhilda, queen mother of Austrasia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 592, "year_label": "592 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – King Guntram, age 59, dies after a 31-year reign, and is succeeded by his nephew Childebert II, who becomes ruler of Burgundy. He is buried at Saint Marcellus of Chalons Church, in Chalon-sur-Saône (Eastern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754934#Europe", "title": "592", "revid": 1364754934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon abbot, refuses to be consecrated in Northumbria as bishop, and travels to Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Religion", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbey of St. Vaast in Arras (France) is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Religion", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 693, "year_label": "693 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wulfram of Sens attends the assembly of bishops at Valenciennes (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806250#Religion", "title": "693", "revid": 1340806250, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lupus I, duke of Gascony, is assassinated in his attempt to seize Limoges (France). Eudes becomes ruler over both Gascony and Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers the cities of Barcelona and Narbonne, where Visigothic nobles accept Umayyad overlordship, in return for autonomy in Septimania (Southern France). Muslims also raid Avignon and Lyon (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim expedition under Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi cross the Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory, leading a small raiding party into Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Arabian_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Europe", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 721, "year_label": "721 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808636#Europe", "title": "721", "revid": 1340808636, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel leads two raids across the Loire River into the Berry region. The Franks seize and plunder Bourges (central France), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Europe", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which gives him the nickname Martellus (\"The Hammer\"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Europe", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, recognizes the supremacy of King Pepin III (\"the Short\") at an assembly held at Compiègne (Northern France), and becomes a vassal of the Frankish Kingdom. He swears an oath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises his allegiance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Europe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Angilbert, Frankish diplomat (primicerius palatii) of King Charlemagne, is made abbot of Saint-Riquier (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Religion", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Lothair I, co-emperor and eldest son of Louis I, marries Ermengarde in Thionville (northeastern France). She is the daughter of Count Hugh of Tours.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Europe", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 835, "year_label": "835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok, a Norse Viking ruler, rises to power. He becomes the scourge of France and England (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352237336#Europe", "title": "835", "revid": 1352237336, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Battle of Fontenay: Frankish forces of Emperor Lothair I, and his nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine, are defeated by allied forces of King Louis the German, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, at Fontenoy (Eastern France), in a civil war among the three surviving sons of the former emperor Louis the Pious. A total of 40,000 men are killed, including the Frankish nobles Gerard of Auvergne and Ricwin of Nantes, fighting on the side of Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Europe", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Frankish forces under King Charles the Bald invade southern France, and conquer the territory of Toulouse. He appoints Fredelo as count (comté) of Toulouse, who founds the Rouergue dynasty. Aquitaine is submitted to the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Europe", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Britain", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 858, "year_label": "858 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site of Chartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays him tribute (Danegeld) to save Verberie (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129132#Europe", "title": "858", "revid": 1341129132, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led by Humfrid, defeat King Louis the German at Saint-Quentin (Northern France). Humfrid is enfeoffed with the County of Autun, and appointed Margrave of Burgundy, by King Charles the Bald.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Europe", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March", "text": "March – Viking raiders led by Weland are trapped at Trilbardou Bridge (Northern France), and submit to King Charles the Bald. He and his family accept Christianity (they are baptised) before leaving Neustria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Central_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking leader Guthrum becomes 'king' of East Anglia. A Viking fleet sails up the River Thames, and builds a camp at Fulham (near London) to prepare for an invasion of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Britain", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 898, "year_label": "898 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) after a 10-year reign. His rival, the 18-year-old Charles the Simple in Laon, gains sovereignty and becomes ruler (with no real authority) of the West Frankish Kingdom. This puts an end to five years of civil war between the Frankish nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346095520#Europe", "title": "898", "revid": 1346095520, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Religion", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Rudolph I loses the support of Herbert II, count of Vermandois, who controls the prison at Péronne in which former King Charles III (the Simple) is imprisoned. Herbert brings him before William I (Longsword), count of Rouen, for homage and then to Rheims as leverage to blackmail Rudolph to make him cede sovereignty over Laon (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Europe", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pietro I Orseolo, doge of Venice, escapes from Venice and travels to the Benedictine abbey of Michel-de-Cuxa (Southern France). He is succeeded by Vitale Candiano (not the bishop of Grado) as doge of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (younger brother of the late King Lothair of France), revolts against Hugh Capet. He conquers the city of Laon in northern France with support of his half-brother Arnulf (archbishop of Reims).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Europe", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 992, "year_label": "992 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Battle of Conquereuil: The Angevins under Fulk III \"the Black\", Count of Anjou, defeat the forces of Conan I, duke of Brittany, who is killed in the battle at Conquereuil (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919750#Europe", "title": "992", "revid": 1364919750, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Deaths", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1039, "year_label": "1039 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbey of Bec is founded at Le Bec-Hellouin in Normandy (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344928541#Religion", "title": "1039", "revid": 1344928541, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1051, "year_label": "1051 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – William of Normandy consolidates his power in Normandy. He fights over the control of Maine (after the death of Count Hugh IV), and lays siege to the fortresses of Alençon and Domfront (Western France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260254#Continental_Europe", "title": "1051", "revid": 1365260254, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1089, "year_label": "1089 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is established by a group of French monks under Robert of Molesme in southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270667#Religion", "title": "1089", "revid": 1365270667, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Religion", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Peter the Hermit begins his preaching of the First Crusade, traveling from Berry (in central France) across Champagne, and down the Meuse Valley to Cologne (modern Germany). He gathers the People's Crusade (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about April 20. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and knights, but also laborers, tradesmen and peasants (among them are former brigands and criminals).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – The new basilica at Vézelay Abbey (located in northern Burgundy in France) is dedicated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Religion", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of France and visit the court of King Philip I (\"the Amorous\"). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III (\"the Great\"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Europe", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The third and largest church is completed at Cluny Abbey (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Religion", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1130, "year_label": "1130 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II, as the 164th pope. Other factions (including Roger II of Sicily), however, support Anacletus II as pope, leading to the papal schism of 1130, and Innocent flees to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549867#Events", "title": "1130", "revid": 1368549867, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, dies after a 34-year reign. He leaves most of his Catalonian territories to his elder son Ramon Berenguer IV, who continues the fight against the Almoravid Muslims. His younger son Berenguer Ramon inherits Provence (Southern France) and will reign as Ramon I (until 1144).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Europe", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Much of Chartres, France, is destroyed by fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Western_Europe", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan port-town of Elna (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The word Albigensians is first used by Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois, French abbot and chronicler, to describe the inhabitants of Albi in southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseille the vast majority return home to their families.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June – The Children's Crusade: The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. On the orders of Philip II, advised by the University of Paris, the people were implored to return home. Philip himself did not appear impressed, especially since his unexpected visitors were led by a mere child, and refused to take them seriously.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331867628#Events", "title": "1212 in France", "revid": 1331867628, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Establishment of Martigues on the southern coast of present-day France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360295273#Full_dates_unknown", "title": "1232 in France", "revid": 1360295273, "section": "Events › Full dates unknown"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a \"citizen of Sens\". He is a leather merchant, with a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Microhistory", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By topic › Microhistory"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "In France, the gold écu (or crown) and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Economics", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By topic › Economics"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Education", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The \"ideal city\" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV (\"the Fair\") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#Cities_and_towns", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and towns"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Ausculta Fili (\"Listen, my son\"), accusing King Philip IV of France (\"Philip the Fair\") of malfeasance of office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#October–_December", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Treaty of Paris: King Philip the Fair of France signs a peace treaty with Edward Longshanks, King of England. According to the terms of the treaty, Gascony is restored to England – as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter, Isabella of France, be married to his son Edward of Caernarfon, until she is old enough.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Pope Benedict XI issues a mandate directing that the rights of Cardinal Jean Lemoine of France, to income from the dioceses of Bayeux and Amiens is to be protected while Lemoine is serving as papal legate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#October–December", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – In France, Hugh V, at the age of 11, becomes the new Duke of Burgundy upon the death of his father, Robert II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#January_–_March", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "\"Maurice Fitz Thomas, Earl of Kildare, and Lord Fulk de la Freigne, having been called and invited by the King entered France for the Siege of Calais that lasted from the preceding feast of the nativity of blessed Mary right up to the feast of St. Laurence, martyr. And then after many attacks and dreadful and incredible famine the French were compelled to submit they keys of the city and themselves to the mercy of the King of England.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323562111#Ongoing_Events", "title": "1347 in Ireland", "revid": 1323562111, "section": "Ongoing Events"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hundred Years' War (1337–1360): The effects of the Black Death cause a de facto truce to be observed between England and France until 1355.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#Date_unknown", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands with English troops at Calais to begin a raid in France while Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assembles troops to confront the English invasion. The standoff continues while Lancaster waits for additional troops from the Earl of Warwick.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Château de Compiègne royal residence is built in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Date_unknown", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – In the Duchy of Aquitaine, now part of France but at the time ruled by the King of England, the civic leaders of the town of Soule sign an agreement with Gaston III of Foix, popularly known as \"Fébus\", for his protection against raids from John of Gaunt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#July–September", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Pope Gregory XI and several cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church depart on a ship from the port of Marseille in France, and encounter severe storms before arriving in Genoa. He will finally arrive in Rome on January 17, 1377.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#October–December", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – From Avignon in France, the antipope Clement VII issues his own a papal bull confirming the foundation of the University of Perpignan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#October–December", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – In France, Évrart de Trémaugon, an adviser to King Charles V, interrupts the King's dinner at the Louvre Palace and accuses Guillaume de Chamborant, the King's equerry, of the murder of Evrart's brother Yvon.Famiglietti 2015, vol.1, p.279. Charges are eventually dropped against Chamborant 16 months later and Evrart is ordered on July 30, 1484, to pay 500 Livres tournois, equivalent to more than 404 kilograms of fine silver, to Chamborant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#January–March", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos leaves France after a stay of almost two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#October–December", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Western Schism: King Charles VI of France sends a letter to the Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, giving an ultimatum to Benedict and the other Avignon Papacy proponents to end the schism in the Roman Catholic Church against the Roman Obedience, headed by Pope Gregory XII. King Charles VI threatens that unless the schism ends by Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter (in 1408, April 24, with Ascension Day on June 3), France will end its support of the Avignon Obedience.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#January–March", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – A temporary halt to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France is reached with the signing of a truce at Bicêtre, near Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#October–December", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – France and England agree to extend their truce in the ongoing Burgundian War after the English Bishop of Durham and of Norwich meet with representatives of King Charles VI, prolonging a ceasefire until May 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#January–March", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Army of England, led by King Henry V, begins the siege of Rouen, the capital of Normandy in France. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#July–September", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1423, "year_label": "1423 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656788#July–September", "title": "1423", "revid": 1365656788, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Siege of Montargis is started in France by 1,000 Englishmen led by the Earl of Warwick and lasts for seven weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#July–September", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – The English garrison at Le Mans in France surrenders to the French Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#January–March", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The militia of francs-archers, the first regular infantry in France, is created by the ordonnance of Montil-lès-Tours during the reign of King Charles VII, directing that in each parish, the person most skilled in the use of archery would be exempt from certain obligations in return for perfecting his skills on a weekly basis and being ready to be summoned for combat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#April–June", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – English commander Thomas Kyriell and 2,500 soldiers land at Cherbourg in English-occupied France, where they join another 1,800 English troops recruited by the Duke of Somerset from the garrisons at Bayeux, Caen and Vire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#January–March", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – The University of Valence is founded in France by the Dauphin Louis, son of King Charles VII. The university lasts for 330 years until being closed during the French Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#July–September", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – In France, the rebel Pierre II de Montferrand, former Governor of Baye, is beheaded, drawn and quartered after his July 14 conviction for treason. Shortly afterward, Montferrand is beheaded, then drawn and quartered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#July–September", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1457, "year_label": "1457 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 28", "text": "28 August – French under Pierre de Brézé raiders sack Sandwich, Kent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353735905#Events", "title": "1457 in England", "revid": 1353735905, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The Order of Saint Michael ( Ordre de Saint-Michel) is founded by King Louis XI of France as a response to the 's Order of the Golden Fleece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#July–September", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1484, "year_label": "1484 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – In France, the Estates General, a consultative assembly of 855 delegates (285 apiece) representing the three economic classes — the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility) and— for the first time, the Third Estate (commoners, including peasants) is convened for the first time since 1468. The convening of the Estates General of 1484 at Tours has been ordered by Anne of France, the mother of and regent for the 13-year-old King Charles VIII since the death of King Louis XI, with the goal of designating the regent during Charles's minority. Although King Louis had designated Anne and her husband, Pierre de Beaujeu, to serve as regents, Louis, Duke of Orleans, the second cousin of the late King, seeks approval from the Estates General for the regency. The session of the Estates General becomes a call for reform of the laws of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346941150#January–March", "title": "1484", "revid": 1346941150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1– Accompanied by his own troops and French mercenaries, Henry Tudor sets sail from Honfleur in France with 30 ships to begin his second attempt to invade the Kingdom of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#July–September", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Maximillian I of Austria continued his war against France after his newly gained territories due to his marriage to Mary of Burgundy, heiress to the Duchy of Burgundry, were threatened by her father and King of France, Charles the Bold, at the Battle of Nancy in January 5, 1477.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373708731#Events", "title": "1486 in France", "revid": 1373708731, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 - King Louis XII of France dies of severe gout after a reign of 17 years, and his son-in-law, François, inherits the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#January–March", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Spain, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#October–December", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – King François of France dispatches Colonel Pierre de Piton to Morocco with a letter addressed to the ruler, Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, in order to establish a trade agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#July–September", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#October–December", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – King James V becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence. King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#July–September", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#July–September", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, begins crossing the English Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, commences an invasion of France from the east.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The first Protestant Huguenot church in France, established by Pierre LeClerc and Etienne Mangin at Meaux 25 mi from Paris, is seized by the French Army and its 60 members are arrested. Ten women are released and 50 others put on trial for heresy. LeClerc, Mangin and 12 others are burned at the stake on October 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#July–September", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – A peace treaty is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire and France after the Holy Roman Empire's defeat at the 1543 Siege of Nice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#April–June", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – King Henri II of France makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for betrothal for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, Prince Francois, to the five year old Mary, Queen of Scots, to take place in 1558.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#January–March", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Italian War of 1551–1559: A defensive alliance, placing the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza under the protection of France, is signed between representatives of King Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, placing Parma under French protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#April–June", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – English aristocrat Thomas Stafford attempts a rebellion against Queen Mary I, landing at Scarborough, North Yorkshire with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel from Dieppe in France. Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself \"Protector of the Realm\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France as Louis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the Protestant Huguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers, in retaliation for the March 1 massacre of Vassy. Condé and Gaspard de Coligny seize control of Orléans, and other uprisings follow throughout France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#April–June", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Apr 30 - The spire of Beauvais Cathedral, France, which made it the tallest human-made monument in the world at the time, collapses (never rebuilt)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736703#Events", "title": "1573 in France", "revid": 1353736703, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – The fifth War of Religion against the Huguenots begins in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#January–March", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – The fifth War of Religion against the Huguenots begins in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736711#Events", "title": "1574 in France", "revid": 1353736711, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#April–June", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebelled. Peasants killed around 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736757#Events", "title": "1579 in France", "revid": 1353736757, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) – France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the Gregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday, December 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#October–December", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1603, "year_label": "1603 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Samuel Champlain arrives back in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656830#July–September", "title": "1603", "revid": 1366656830, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – King Henry IV of France is assassinated in Paris by François Ravaillac, a French Catholic activist who resents the Protestant monarch's decision to launch a war against the Catholic Spanish Netherlands. Ravaillac rushes up to a horse-drawn carriage and stabs King Henry in the chest. Henry's 8-year-old son becomes King Louis XIII, with Henry's widow, Marie de' Medici, governing France as queen regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#April–June", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#Date_unknown", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Workers in a sandpit in the Dauphiné region of France discover the skeleton of what is alleged to be a 30-foot tall man (the remains, it is supposed, of the giant Teutobochus, a legendary Gallic king who fought the Romans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Paris - A treaty signed in France by the Savoys and the Venetians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301266508#Events", "title": "1623 in Italy", "revid": 1301266508, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – France declares war on Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737092#Events", "title": "1635 in France", "revid": 1353737092, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – France's Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique begins its occupation of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, with Charles Liénard de L'Olive as its first Governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#April–June", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed between Honoré II, Prince of Monaco and France's King Louis XIII, guaranteeing the Grimaldi family the right to rule Monaco in return for the principality becoming a French protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#July–September", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 14", "text": "14 July – Queen Henrietta Maria leaves the country for France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737189#Events", "title": "1644 in England", "revid": 1353737189, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Jews are allowed to return to France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737247#Events", "title": "1650 in France", "revid": 1353737247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "15–16 October – Escape of Charles II to Fécamp in France from Shoreham in the coal boat Surprise.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737250#Events", "title": "1651 in England", "revid": 1353737250, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Battle of Bordeaux is fought between French and Spanish warships in the Gironde estuary of France as part of the Franco-Spanish War. The Spanish fleet of 30 warships, under the command of Álvaro de Bazán y Manrique de Lara, Marquis of Santa Cruz, overwhelms the French fleet of César, Duke of Vendôme and captures ten galleys and brigantines, as well as burning four other warships and 15 barges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "13 March – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660): With the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spain; England receives Dunkirk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355059733#Events", "title": "1657 in England", "revid": 1355059733, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "21 May – Signing of the Concert of The Hague, an outline of the common stance of England, France and the Dutch Republic regarding the Second Northern War. The powers agree that the Swedish and Denmark shall settle for a peace treaty based on the Treaty of Roskilde, including free navigation through The Sound and the Baltic Sea based on the Treaty of Elbing. The subsequent Dano-Swedish Peace of Copenhagen largely followed the terms dictated by the Concert of the Hague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342966388", "title": "1659 in Denmark", "revid": 1342966388, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances for France, is arrested in Nantes and charged with embezzlement of the state treasury. Spared the death penalty by a jury, Fouquet spends the rest of his life in prison until his death in 1680.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#July–September", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 27", "text": "27 October – Charles II sells Dunkirk to France for £400 000 (2.5 million livres).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737338#Events", "title": "1662 in England", "revid": 1353737338, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, appointed by King Louis XIV of France as Lieutenant Général of the Americas, departs from the port of La Rochelle with 1,200 men and seven ships to expand France's property in the Caribbean Sea and in South America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – After King Philip IV of Spain reneges on payment of a large dowry to King Louis XIV of France, promised to Louis as a gift for Louis' marriage to Philip's daughter Princess Maria Theresa, the War of Devolution begins between France and Spain. The French Army invades the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), entering Flanders and Franche-Comté. By the time the war ends on May 2, 1668, parts of the Spanish Netherlands are ceded to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Siege of Lille, at this time part of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) begins and becomes the only major engagement of the \"War of Devolution\" between France and Spain. The Spanish Army surrenders after 16 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Raphael Levy, a Jewish resident of the city of Metz in France, is burned at the stake after being accused of the September 25 abduction and ritual murder of a child who had disappeared from the village of Glatigny. The prosecutor applies to King Louis XIV for an order expelling all 95 Jewish families from Metz, but the king refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – French explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet reach the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and descend to Arkansas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#April–June", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#October–December", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#Date_unknown", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on complete annexation of Alsace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737537#Events", "title": "1680 in France", "revid": 1353737537, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the \"Affair of the Poisons\" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#January–March", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "9 December – Queen Mary of Modena flees to France with her infant son, the Prince of Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737642#Events", "title": "1688 in England", "revid": 1353737642, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in modern-day France), is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#Date_unknown", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 30", "text": "30 June – War of the Grand Alliance: Battle of Beachy Head: French naval victory over the English and Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737671#Events", "title": "1690 in England", "revid": 1353737671, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "1 July (O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne: William III defeats the deposed James II of England, who returns to exile in France from Kinsale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318501333#Events", "title": "1690 in Ireland", "revid": 1318501333, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 (July 1 O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France. The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#July–September", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "29 May–4 June – War of the Grand Alliance: The threat of a French invasion of England is diminished by victory at the Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737702#Events", "title": "1692 in England", "revid": 1353737702, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The Convention of Vigevano is signed, bringing a general ceasefire in Italy and an end to the Nine Years' War between France and the remaining members of the Grand Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#October–December", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – General Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis of France carries out an attack and pillaging of the Spanish South American fort of Cartagena de Indias (now in Colombia) with 1,200 soldiers and 650 pirate mercenaries. The French attackers overwhelm the city for the next 18 days. The Baron reneges on a contract to share the wealth with the pirates, who will come back to Cartagena a second time and makes a more violent attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#April–June", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 11", "text": "11 October – Treaty of the Hague signed between France, England and Holland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737798#Events", "title": "1698 in England", "revid": 1353737798, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 24", "text": "24 March – Treaty of London signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737826#Events", "title": "1700 in England", "revid": 1353737826, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Friedlingen – France defeats forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#October–December", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "2 August (13 August NS) – War of the Spanish Succession: At the Battle of Blenheim, an allied army under John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy including English troops defeats the Franco-Bavarian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737872#Events", "title": "1704 in England", "revid": 1353737872, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 (August 2 OS) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Blenheim: Allied troops under John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the Franco-Bavarian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "29 July–21 August – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Toulon – Allies, including British forces under Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell, are obliged to withdraw, but the French fleet is effectively put out of action.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320244983#Events", "title": "1707 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320244983, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "23 March – James Francis Edward Stuart unsuccessfully tries to land at Burntisland on the Firth of Forth with a French fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263212#Events", "title": "1708 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "11 July – War of the Spanish Succession: allied victory under the commander John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough against the French at the Battle of Oudenarde in the Spanish Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360123116#Events", "title": "1708 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360123116, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John's, the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#January–March", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "31 August (11 September NS) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia led by the Duke of Marlborough drive the French from the field but suffer twice as many casualties. The song \"For He's a Jolly Good Fellow\" is based on the French song \"Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre\" composed following this battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331109158#Events", "title": "1709 in Great Britain", "revid": 1331109158, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Panic kills 241 people in the stampede on the Guillottière bridge in France near Lyon. Revelers returning from a festival on the other side of the Rhône river are blocked by from crossing after a collision between a carriage and a cart. At least 25 fall off the bridge and into the river, while 216 are trampled by people behind them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1712-34 - Fox resistance against the French in the Great Lakes area. Fox Wars begin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349952534#Events", "title": "1712 in Canada", "revid": 1349952534, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Less than two weeks after King Louis XIV's death, Daniel Voysin de la Noiraye, France's Secretary of State for War since 1709, steps down at the request of the new regent, the Duke of Orleans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#July–September", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "5–10 February – The pretender James Francis Edward Stuart flees from Montrose to France. He dismisses Lord Bolingbroke as his secretary of state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263133#Events", "title": "1716 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 10", "text": "10 February – the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart flees to France with the Earl of Mar. He dismisses Lord Bolingbroke as his Secretary of State replacing him with Mar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360127758#Events", "title": "1716 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360127758, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 24", "text": "24 December (4 January 1717 New Style) – Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on 17 November (28 November New Style).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360127758#Events", "title": "1716 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360127758, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "4 January – Britain, the Dutch Republic and France sign the Triple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245148#Events", "title": "1717 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245148, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1720: French forts along the Mississippi River spread northward from New Orleans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349952811#Events", "title": "1720 in Canada", "revid": 1349952811, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Treaty of The Hague signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738123#Events", "title": "1720 in France", "revid": 1353738123, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "17 February – Treaty of The Hague signed between Britain, France, Austria, the Dutch Republic and Spain ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245214#Events", "title": "1720 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245214, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who had served as the Regent of France to rule for King Louis XV from 1715 until the latter's attainment of majority on February 15, is appointed by the King to serve as his Prime Minister, but dies in office less than four months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#July–September", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "1725–1730 - Freemasonry is established in France as an English import.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738183#Events", "title": "1725 in France", "revid": 1353738183, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 3", "text": "3 September – Treaty of Hanover signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245388#Events", "title": "1725 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245388, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Seventeen Ursuline Sisters from France land in New Orleans, in the Louisiana territory of New France, after a journey that began on February 22. They later create the orphanage which is the predecessor of Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, the oldest Catholic school in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#July–September", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#October–December", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "9 November – Treaty of Seville signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835699#Events", "title": "1729 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835699, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, last prime minister of the French monarchy (d. 1807)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#Births", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – The Danish West India Company buys the island of Saint Croix from France for 750,000 livres.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#April–June", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#October–December", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 7", "text": "7 November – France and Spain sign the treaty of Escurial and form an alliance against Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835385#Events", "title": "1733 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835385, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Fleury Mesplet, French-born Canadian printer", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953199#Births", "title": "1734 in Canada", "revid": 1349953199, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – In Montreal, New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is tortured then hanged by the French authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#April–June", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – War of the Polish Succession: Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged since February 1734, after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#April–June", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "26 May – Battle of Ackia: British and Chickasaw Native Americans defeat French troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307867332#Events", "title": "1736 in Great Britain", "revid": 1307867332, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – France's Foreign Minister, Germain Louis Chauvelin, is dismissed by King Louis XV's Chief Minister, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "16 June (27 June New Style) – War of the Austrian Succession: the Battle of Dettingen is fought in Bavaria; King George II leads the troops of Britain and Brunswick to victory over the French – the last time a reigning British monarch participates in a battle. The Prime Minister, Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, is also present, observing from a carriage. George Frideric Handel writes the oratorio Dettingen Te Deum in celebration of the King's victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369569595#January_to_June", "title": "1743 in Great Britain", "revid": 1369569595, "section": "Events › January to June"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 25", "text": "25 October – France and Spain form the Alliance of Fontainebleau with the aim of recapturing Gibraltar from Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369569595#July_to_December", "title": "1743 in Great Britain", "revid": 1369569595, "section": "Events › July to December"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#January–March", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October: Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953619#Events", "title": "1746 in Canada", "revid": 1349953619, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#April–June", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "18 October – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738429#Events", "title": "1748 in France", "revid": 1353738429, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 18", "text": "18 October – the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession, by which Madras in India is restored to British rule in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada with France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282508078#Events", "title": "1748 in Great Britain", "revid": 1282508078, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 31", "text": "31 August – Robert Clive takes the Indian town of Arcot from the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835169#Events", "title": "1751 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835169, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – At Marly-la-Ville in France, physicist Thomas-François Dalibard successfully conducts the kite experiment proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1750 book Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "14 June – Robert Clive forces the surrender of French troops in the aftermath of the Siege of Trichinopoly in India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835177#Events", "title": "1752 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835177, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Pickawillany (now Piqua, Ohio), the capital of the Miami Indian nation, is attacked and burned by Odawa, Ojibwe and French soldiers under the command of Odawa War Chief Charles Michel de Langlade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "1755-75 - William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern colonies, persuades the Iroquois League to break its neutrality and side with England against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953912#Events", "title": "1755 in Canada", "revid": 1349953912, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 20", "text": "20 February – General Edward Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the British forces against the French in North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360195170#Events", "title": "1755 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360195170, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – France dispatches 3,600 troops to protect its Canadian colonies in Quebec from a British invasion, dispatching 2,400 to Quebec city and 1,200 to Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, unaware that a squadron of 11 fully armed warships from Britain's Royal Navy had sailed toward Canada on April 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#April–June", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1756, "year_label": "1756 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953958#Events", "title": "1756 in Canada", "revid": 1349953958, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – At Versailles in France, representatives of the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire enter into an alliance against Prussia, with each nation pledging 80,000 troops. Other clauses to the treaty, not disclosed to the public, commit Austria to pay Russia one million rubles per year during the war to pay for the expenses of 24,000 of the Russian troops, and two million rubles upon the conquest of Silesia (a Prussian province that had been seized from Austria in 1746).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Sweden signs an alliance treaty with France and Austria in the multinational effort to remove King Frederick the Great, even though Queen Consort Ulrika of Sweden is Frederick's sister. Sweden agrees to contribute 25,000 troops to the French and Austrian force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – France and Austria sign a second Treaty of Versailles, committing France to sending an additional 105,000 troops to the war against Prussia, and to pay expenses to Austria at the rate of 12 million florins annually.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – France's Minister of the Navy Nicolas René Berryer finally receives permission to send ships to assist French forces at Quebec, and a fleet of six ships under the command of Captain François Chenard de la Giraudais of the French frigate Machault departs Bordeaux, albeit too late to prevent the loss of New France to the British.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#April–June", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "16 January – in India, general Sir Eyre Coote captures Pondicherry from the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325432011#Events", "title": "1761 in Great Britain", "revid": 1325432011, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1767, "year_label": "1767 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Spain acquires control of what are now called the Falkland Islands from France, compensating French Admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville for the money spent on the construction of the settlement at Fort Saint Louis. The islands, named les Îles Malouines by the French, are renamed las Islas Malvinas by the Spanish, and Fort Saint Louis is renamed as Puerto Soledad. In 1816, Argentina declares independence from Spain and takes the Malvinas; and in 1833, Britain's Royal Navy captures the islands from the Argentines and renames them the Falklands, and renames Puerto Soledad as Port Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587024#January–March", "title": "1767", "revid": 1365587024, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Spain and France secretly sign the Convention of Aranjuez, with Spain joining an alliance against Great Britain in return for France's pledge to recover all Spanish territory lost to the British.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#April–June", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "24 June – American Revolutionary War: start of the Great Siege of Gibraltar (fourteenth and last military siege). This is an action by French and Spanish forces to wrest control of Gibraltar from the established British Garrison. The garrison, led by George Augustus Eliott, later 1st Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar, survives all attacks and a blockade of supplies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350799745#Events", "title": "1779 in Great Britain", "revid": 1350799745, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 6", "text": "6 July – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Grenada fought between British and French navies. British ships are badly damaged but none are lost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350799745#Events", "title": "1779 in Great Britain", "revid": 1350799745, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "12 April – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse in the West Indies at the Battle of the Saintes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363776945#Events", "title": "1782 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363776945, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Élisabeth Thible is the first woman to ascend in a hot-air balloon, at Lyon, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#April–June", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – In France, the Robert brothers (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) and a Mr. Collin-Hullin (whose first name is lost to history) become the first people to fly more than 100 km or 100 miles in the air, lifting off from Paris and landing 6 hours and 40 minutes later near Bethune after a journey of 186 km.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#July–September", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 7", "text": "7 January – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359405347#Events", "title": "1785 in Great Britain", "revid": 1359405347, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#July–September", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – France mints new Louis d'or coins, with the image of King Louis XVI on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#October–December", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that will be unbroken more than 200 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#October–December", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – British troops capture Martinique from the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#January–March", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 1", "text": "1 February – Wolfe Tone arrives in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358848427#Events", "title": "1796 in Ireland", "revid": 1358848427, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The Coup of 18 Fructidor is carried out in France as three of the five members of The Directory, France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the Council of Five Hundred, the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#July–September", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 1", "text": "1 August – French Revolutionary Wars: Admiral Nelson's fleet destroys the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330436787#Events", "title": "1798 in Great Britain", "revid": 1330436787, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Eli Whitney, holding a January 1798 U.S. government contract for the manufacture of muskets, is introduced by Oliver Wolcott Jr. to the French concept of interchangeable parts, an origin of the American system of manufacturing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322978084#Undated", "title": "1799 in the United States", "revid": 1322978084, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1799, "year_label": "1799 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Congress passes the Logan Act, forbidding unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign governments, in response to George Logan's unofficial attempt to negotiate peace between the U.S. and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322978084#Events", "title": "1799 in the United States", "revid": 1322978084, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "4 September – Siege of Malta (1798–1800): The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops who have been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360270946#Events", "title": "1800 in Great Britain", "revid": 1360270946, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 15", "text": "15 July – Concordat of 1801, agreement signed between France and Pope Pius VII that reaffirms the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restores some of its civil status.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331877356#Events", "title": "1801 in France", "revid": 1331877356, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1803, "year_label": "1803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Louisiana Purchase is made by the United States from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322981615#Events", "title": "1803 in the United States", "revid": 1322981615, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "21 October - Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360282303#Events", "title": "1805 in Wales", "revid": 1360282303, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "2 December - Battle of Austerlitz. A decisive victory for the French army over Austria and Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367522901#Events", "title": "1805 in Austria", "revid": 1367522901, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "21 October - Battle of Trafalgar: A British Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain. About 465 of the 18,000 men on the British ships were born in Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360284081#Events", "title": "1806 in Wales", "revid": 1360284081, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Treaty of Finckenstein was signed between Iran and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354292340#Events", "title": "1807 in Iran", "revid": 1354292340, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371680018#Events", "title": "1810 in the United States", "revid": 1371680018, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie (\"L'Anciente Mutuelle\"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363267979#Date_unknown", "title": "1816", "revid": 1363267979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#October–December", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 3", "text": "3 April – George Clarke arrives in the Bay of Islands having taken passage from Sydney on board the French corvette La Coquille. La Coquille is commanded by Louis Isidore Duperrey, with Jules Dumont d'Urville as second-in-command, and will go on to complete a global circumnavigation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932241#Events", "title": "1824 in New Zealand", "revid": 1332932241, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September - Charles X succeeds Louis XVIII as King of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331879167#Events", "title": "1824 in France", "revid": 1331879167, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Between June 4–July 18 – In Saint-Loup-de-Varennes, France, Nicéphore Niépce makes the first photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1829, "year_label": "1829 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Ignacio Zaragoza, General of the Mexican Army best known for his 1862 victory against the French forces during the Battle of Puebla on May 5.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372455171#Notable_births", "title": "1829 in Mexico", "revid": 1372455171, "section": "Notable births"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October - First printing in English in New Zealand made by William Colenso, a notice warning against French influence in New Zealand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360372811#Events", "title": "1835 in New Zealand", "revid": 1360372811, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – Louis Napoleon launches the unsuccessful Strasbourg Coup to overthrow the July Monarchy in France", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#October–December", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Georges Bizet, French composer (d. 1875)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#October–December", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Socialist activist Louis Auguste Blanqui and the Société des Saisons begin an uprising against the government of France. The insurrection is suppressed, but not before 50 people are killed and 190 wounded. Blanqui is imprisoned until 1848.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#April–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Emir Abdelkader declares a jihad against the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#October–December", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#Date_unknown", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – A tornado kills 75 in France at Montville while destroying two large factories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#July–September", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "20 November – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado between the Argentine Confederation and an Anglo-French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331880947#Events", "title": "1845 in France", "revid": 1331880947, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Cartier, a luxury brand in France, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#Date_unknown", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Chinese, German, Norwegian, Jews, American, Irish, Latin American, French, Belgian Canadian and other immigrants who had been in the California goldfields arrive in British Columbia, attracted by the Fraser River Gold rush, joining French Canadians, Métis, Hawaiians and others already in the area who abandoned regular employment to work the banks of the Fraser alongside the native peoples, who also took part in the rush.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349957477#Events", "title": "1858 in Canada", "revid": 1349957477, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Société Générale, a major financial group in France, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#May", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1871, "year_label": "1871 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 10", "text": "10 May – Treaty of Frankfurt is signed with confirming the frontiers between Germany and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330911621#Events", "title": "1871 in Germany", "revid": 1330911621, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for Franco-Prussian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332308022#Events", "title": "1873 in France", "revid": 1332308022, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 16", "text": "16 September – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330911663#Events", "title": "1873 in Germany", "revid": 1330911663, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Bizet's Carmen is first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Paris, France, three months before the composer's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#March", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Prince Leopold, the youngest son and eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, dies, aged 30 in Cannes (France) following a fall complicated by his haemophilia. His son, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is born nearly 4 months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#March", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Rubber tire company Michelin is registered by Édouard and André Michelin in Clermont-Ferrand, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#May", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – In France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#January", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The first car number plates appear in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Giros-Loucheur Group, predecessor of Vinci, a worldwide construction and infrastructure industry, founded in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#Date_unknown", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – France adds the Kingdom of Laos, a protectorate since 1893, to the existing colony of French Indochina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#April", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#May", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 14", "text": "14 May – 28 October – The 1900 Summer Olympics takes place in Paris, France. Germany finishes seventh in the overall medal table with four gold medals, two silver and two bronze.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348714021#Sport", "title": "1900 in Germany", "revid": 1348714021, "section": "Sport"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#November–December", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – In France, Raymonde de Laroche is awarded Pilot's license No. 36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373495790#March", "title": "1910", "revid": 1373495790, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – The first French private school opens in Tokyo. Later graduates include Sakaguchi Ango, Tanizaki Junichiro and Takehisa Yumeji.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366303175#Events", "title": "1913 in Japan", "revid": 1366303175, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#May", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – A secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Patto di Londra), is signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369974115#April", "title": "1915 in Italy", "revid": 1369974115, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#January", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The Paris Peace Conference opens in France, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the Palace of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19–26 – San Remo conference held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, Italy. Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom and Japan meet to determine the League of Nations mandates for administration of territories following partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The conference was attended by the four Principal Allied Powers of World War I who were represented by the prime ministers of Britain (David Lloyd George), France (Alexandre Millerand), Italy (Francesco Nitti) and by Japan's Ambassador Keishirō Matsui.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1253494307#April", "title": "1920 in Italy", "revid": 1253494307, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – El Virilla train accident in Costa Rica: 385 people are killed and 93 injured when an overloaded pilgrim special derails on a bridge. The SS Ile de france Was Launched at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyards in Saint Nazaire, France As one of the first ships to embrace the Art Deco style", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#March", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The South African National War Memorial next to Delville Wood outside Longueval, France is opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326934212", "title": "1926 in South Africa", "revid": 1326934212, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#January–February", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The coalition government of Léon Blum resigns in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#June", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#January", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 19", "text": "19 June – Italy wins the FIFA World Cup by defeating Hungary, 4–2, in the final game at the Stade Olympique de Colombes in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297625494#Events", "title": "1938 in Italy", "revid": 1297625494, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#December", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – WWII: Assets of all foreign nationals from France and Monaco are frozen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370132277#April–June", "title": "1940 in the United States", "revid": 1370132277, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 17", "text": "17 June – A Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 bomber sinks the British ship RMS Lancastria, which was evacuating troops from near Saint-Nazaire, France, killing some 5,800 men. (Wartime censorship prevents the story from becoming public.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358783301#June", "title": "1940 in Germany", "revid": 1358783301, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1946, "year_label": "1946 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 17", "text": "17 April – Luxembourg signs a convention with France and Belgium to place the Luxembourg railway network in the hands of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, in which France and Belgium each take a 24.5% stake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352053768#April_–_June", "title": "1946 in Luxembourg", "revid": 1352053768, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – First issue of weekly magazine Paris Match published in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#March", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 3", "text": "3 November - Air India Flight 245 crashed near Mont Blanc, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354627017#Events", "title": "1950 in India", "revid": 1354627017, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 - The Laotian Civil War begins between the Kingdom of Laos and the Pathet Lao after Laos gains its independence from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1293720925#November", "title": "1953 in Laos", "revid": 1293720925, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1965, "year_label": "1965 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July", "text": "3-25 July - Tour of President Eduardo Frei Montalva through Europe (Spain, Portugal, France and Italy) and South America (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243704966#July", "title": "1965 in Chile", "revid": 1243704966, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "25–30 October – French President Charles de Gaulle visits Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1293868868#Events", "title": "1968 in Turkey", "revid": 1293868868, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – French submarine Minerve sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#January–February", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Charles de Gaulle steps down as president of France after suffering defeat in a referendum the day before.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#April", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Creation of the International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts in Confolens, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#August", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, dies of a heart failure at the age of 27 in the bathtub of his apartment on the 3rd floor of the Rue Beautreillis 17 in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#July", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – French acrobat Philippe Petit walks across a high wire slung between the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360395331#August", "title": "1974 in the United States", "revid": 1360395331, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Launch of the Volkswagen Polo, a three-door hatchback which fits into the Volkswagen range below the Golf and is similar in size and concept to the Renault 5 from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330941742#Events", "title": "1975 in Germany", "revid": 1330941742, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The \"Group of 6\" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#November", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Following a deal agreed during 1978, French carmaker Peugeot completes a takeover of American manufacturer Chrysler's European operations, which are based in Britain's former Rootes Group factories, as well as the former Simca factories in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#January", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May", "text": "Aer Lingus flight 164 is hijacked just before landing at London Heathrow airport. The flight continues on to France before the hijacker who reportedly demanded for the releasing of the third secret of Fatima, is subdued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#May", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14–21. A delegation of Solidarity visits France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372625983#October", "title": "1981 in Poland", "revid": 1372625983, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 23", "text": "23 April – Representing Luxembourg, Corinne Hermès wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1983 with the song Si la vie est cadeau. This victory equals France's record tally of five, although this has since been surpassed by the Republic of Ireland in 1994.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367344253#April_–_June", "title": "1983 in Luxembourg", "revid": 1367344253, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December", "text": "December - The new Volkswagen Golf manages third place in the European Car of the Year award, which is won by the Fiat Uno from Italy, with second place being attained by the Peugeot 205 from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369219284#Events", "title": "1983 in Germany", "revid": 1369219284, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 3", "text": "3 May – 21 people are killed and 41 are injured in an LTTE bombing of an Air Lanka flight set to fly to the Maldives. The attack was condemned by France and the United Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311632991#Events", "title": "1986 in Sri Lanka", "revid": 1311632991, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Eurosport, a multiple-language sports broadcasting station in Europe, begins broadcasting, from Issy-les-Moulineaux, Île-de-France, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#February", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – French woman and supercentenarian Jeanne Calment surpasses the final age achieved by Easter Wiggins (1874–1990) of 116 years, 36 days and becomes the oldest verified person in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August", "text": "August - The United States announced sanctions on companies with greater than $40 million (USD) annual investments in Libya or Iran, despite objections from Germany, France, Canada, and the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323164793#Events", "title": "1996 in Libya", "revid": 1323164793, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 26", "text": "26 June – The Colombia national football team plays England during the group stage (G) of the 1998 FIFA World Cup in Lens, France. England beats Colombia 2 to 0, which knocks Colombia out of the running.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319258921#June", "title": "1998 in Colombia", "revid": 1319258921, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 - Zimbabwe says its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is being funded by France, Libya and Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311385923#January", "title": "1999 in Angola", "revid": 1311385923, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#June", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 - Two Rwandan men wanted for their role in the 1994 genocide are arrested in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311390940#July", "title": "2007 in Rwanda", "revid": 1311390940, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 - France sends dozens of soldiers equipped with Breguet Atlantique and Mirage aircraft to Niamey in its search for 7 kidnapped hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331620305#September", "title": "2010 in Niger", "revid": 1331620305, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 13", "text": "13 January – The credit rating agency Standard & Poor's lowers its long-term credit ratings by two notches on multiple eurozone countries, including Cyprus, while lowering it by one notch for Austria, France, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1245375585#January", "title": "2012 in Cyprus", "revid": 1245375585, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 - Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, shot by troops yesterday, is flown to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289036018#October", "title": "2012 in Mauritania", "revid": 1289036018, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "11 January - France commits troops to aid government forces in the Northern Mali conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355237650#January", "title": "2013 in Mali", "revid": 1355237650, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March", "text": "French officials announce that a soldier was killed in action during contact with Islamic militants over the weekend. It is France's third casualty since operations began in Operation Serval.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355237650#March", "title": "2013 in Mali", "revid": 1355237650, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Leaders from Russian Federation, Ukraine, Germany and French Republic reach an agreement on the war in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons. However, several days later, the Ukrainian government and pro-Russian rebels claim that, within its first day, the ceasefire was broken 139 times, as both sides failed to withdraw their heavy weapons and fighting had continued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#February", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "Two hotels are attacked in Sousse by unknown gunmen, killing 38 people and injuring 36. This was on the same day as attacks in France, Kuwait, Syria and Somalia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284616483#June", "title": "2015 in Tunisia", "revid": 1284616483, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–July 10 – France hosts the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, which is won by Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#June", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – An Islamic terrorist attack in Carcassonne and Trèbes, France, kills five people, including the perpetrator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#March", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Syrian Civil War: The United States, the United Kingdom and France order the bombing of Syrian military bases in response to the sarin attack allegedly by the Bashar al-Assad regime on civilians in Ghouta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#April", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1–8 – France experiences its worst civil unrest since the protests of 1968 due to the yellow vests movement. Protests in Paris morph into riots, with hundreds of people injured and thousands arrested; over 100 cars are burned, the Arc de Triomphe is vandalized and numerous other tourist sites are closed, both in the capital and elsewhere in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#December", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7–July 7 – The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup is held in France and is won by the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#June", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Félicien Kabuga, a Rwandan businessman responsible for supporting the Rwandan genocide, is arrested in Asnières-sur-Seine, France, after 26 years as a fugitive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea, and supporting the ruling in Philippines v. China that said the historic rights per the nine-dash line ran counter to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the statement says that on \"territorial sovereignty\" they \"take no position\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#September", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – France takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Slovenian presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#January", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 8", "text": "8 February – Armed terrorists attack W National Park in the North of Benin. Of the eight people killed, five were park rangers, one was their French instructor, another a soldier, and the last an official. Ten people were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344710574#February", "title": "2022 in Benin", "revid": 1344710574, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – A widespread power outage affects Spain and Portugal for hours. Andorra is affected for a few seconds while southern France is lightly affected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#April", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The UK, Canada, and Australia announce their formal recognition of Palestine as a sovereign state, with France also doing so the next day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#September", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 is held in Tbilisi, Georgia. French contestant Lou Deleuze wins with the song \"Ce monde\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#December", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › December"}}]}