{"slug": "firth-of-forth", "label": "Firth of Forth", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202083", "qid": "Q202083", "description": "estuary of Scotland's River Forth", "entries": 26, "years": 21, "span": [82, 1964], "span_label": ["82 CE", "1964 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 10}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "james-francis-edward-stuart", "label": "James Francis Edward Stuart", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "caledonians", "label": "Caledonians", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "leith", "label": "Leith", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "antoninus-pius", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "antonine-wall", "label": "Antonine Wall", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "picts", "label": "Picts", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "legio-ix-hispana", "label": "Legio IX Hispana", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 142, "year_label": "142 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187866#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 142", "revid": 1371187866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Beorhtfrith fights against the Picts between Haefe and Caere (assumed to be between the rivers Avon and Carron, which flow into the Firth of Forth in Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Britain", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Scottish nobles Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and David Fleming of Biggar are assigned by King Robert III to transport the Crown Prince James to Bass Rock at the Firth of Forth to be evacuated to France. The group is ambushed by Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany at Long Hermiston Moor. Fleming is killed in battle, but Orkney is able to escape with Prince James and, after rescue, to board a ship to cross the English Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#January–March", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Scottish Admiral Sir Andrew Wood of Largo, commanding the warships Flower and Yellow Carrel, successfully repels an attempted ambush by three armed English merchant ships at the Firth of Forth. Wood captures the three ships, carries them up the Dundee river and presents them and their crews to King James IV. After a \"an earnest remonstrance\" to England's King Henry VII about allowing the Englishmen to attempt a battle, King James sets the prisoners free and returns them to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#July–September", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Scotland's Earl of Arran departs from the Firth of Forth with 22 ships on a plan to join France in cutting off England's communications with the rest of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#July–September", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – Sir John Luttrell of England, recently victorious over Scotland in the Battle of Pinkie, raids the Scottish port of Burntisland on the Firth of Forth, after his uncle Thomas Wyndham brings two Royal Navy warships. Luttrell and Wyndhamburn ships and buildings on the pier and capture Rossend Castle", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#October–December", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "28 December – English soldier Sir John Luttrell, recently victorious in the Battle of Pinkie, raids Burntisland on the Firth of Forth, after Wyndham, his uncle, has brought his ships to the port; they burn ships and buildings on the pier and capture Rossend Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632817#Events", "title": "1547 in Scotland", "revid": 1362632817, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#January–March", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "7 January – French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736604#Events", "title": "1560 in Scotland", "revid": 1353736604, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The fleeing Spanish Armada sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit, entirely avoiding the storm which destroys most of the Spanish fleet as it attempts to round Scotland and the west coast of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#July–September", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 12", "text": "12 August – the fleeing Spanish Armada sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed by storms as it sails for home around Scotland and Ireland. On 27 September, El Gran Grifón is wrecked on Fair Isle; and on 5 November the San Juan de Silicia is said to have been destroyed by explosion having sought shelter off Tobermory, Mull.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736825#Events", "title": "1588 in Scotland", "revid": 1353736825, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29–May 1 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: A Dutch flotilla under Admiral van Ghent enters the Firth of Forth in Scotland and bombards Burntisland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 25", "text": "25 April – a large school of whales appears in the Firth of Forth; 35 strand on the sands of Kirkcaldy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254103#Events", "title": "1707 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254103, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "23 March - James Stuart, the \"Old Pretender\", having sailed from Dunkirk with 5000 French troops, with the intention of invading Britain, attempts to land in the Firth of Forth; the attempt is thwarted by the Royal Navy, under Admiral Byng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737952#Events", "title": "1708 in France", "revid": 1353737952, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – James Francis Edward Stuart, Jacobite pretender to the throne of Great Britain, unsuccessfully tries to land from a French fleet in the Firth of Forth in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#January–June", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "23 March – James Francis Edward Stuart unsuccessfully tries to land at Burntisland on the Firth of Forth with a French fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362263212#Events", "title": "1708 in Scotland", "revid": 1362263212, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – William Mackintosh of Borlum, leader of the Jacobite rising against Great Britain, lands with 1,500 men in Scotland after crossing the Firth of Forth from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 5", "text": "5 October – flight by Florentine aeronaut Vincenzo Lunardi in a gas balloon from George Heriot's School, Edinburgh, across the Firth of Forth to Ceres, Fife (32 mi (51.5 km) in 1.5 hrs).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254215#Events", "title": "1785 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254215, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Patrick Miller of Dalswinton demonstrates his design of manually-propelled paddleboat on the Firth of Forth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738950#Events", "title": "1787 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738950, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Napoleonic Wars: Defensive gun batteries placed on the island of Inchgarvie in the Firth of Forth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254340#Events", "title": "1806 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254340, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – The Forth Bridge, the longest bridge in Great Britain, on the Firth of Forth in Scotland, is opened to rail traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#March", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#September", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – Imperial German Navy Zeppelins L 43 and L 45 conduct reconnaissance patrols over the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, above the Firth of Forth and Aberdeen, respectively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362255025#Events", "title": "1917 in Scotland", "revid": 1362255025, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 5", "text": "5 November – Clydebuilt former Cunarder HMS Campania sinks in an accident in the Firth of Forth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362255037#Events", "title": "1918 in Scotland", "revid": 1362255037, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The Forth Road Bridge opens over the Firth of Forth in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#September", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › September"}}]}