{"slug": "epaminondas", "label": "Epaminondas", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaminondas", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190436", "qid": "Q190436", "description": "Theban general and statesman (419/411–362 BC)", "entries": 16, "years": 13, "span": [-417, -361], "span_label": ["418 BCE", "362 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "thebes-greece", "label": "Thebes, Greece", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "boeotia", "label": "Boeotia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "pelopidas", "label": "Pelopidas", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "agesilaus-ii", "label": "Agesilaus II", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "arcadia-region", "label": "Arcadia (region)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "peloponnese", "label": "Peloponnese", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mantinea", "label": "Mantinea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "monarch", "label": "Monarch", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantium", "label": "Byzantium", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "agiad-dynasty", "label": "Agiad dynasty", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -417, "year_label": "418 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Epaminondas of Thebes, Theban general and statesman (d. 362 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1221749718#Births", "title": "418 BC", "revid": 1221749718, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -381, "year_label": "382 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartan commander Phoebidas, who is passing through Boeotia on campaign, takes advantage of civil strife within Thebes to gain entrance to the city for his troops. Once inside, he seizes the Cadmeia (the citadel of Thebes), and forces the anti-Spartan party to flee the city. The government of Thebes is placed in the hands of the pro-Spartan party, backed by a Spartan garrison based in the Cadmeia. Many of the previous leaders of Thebes are driven into exile. Epaminondas, although associated with the anti-Spartan faction, is allowed to remain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363328792#Greece", "title": "382 BC", "revid": 1363328792, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -378, "year_label": "379 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A small group of Theban exiles, led by Pelopidas, infiltrate the city of Thebes and assassinates the leaders of the pro-Spartan government. Epaminondas and Gorgidas lead a group of young men who break into the city's armories, take weapons, and surround the Spartans on the Cadmea, assisted by a force of Athenian hoplites. In the Theban assembly the next day, Epaminondas and Gorgidas bring Pelopidas and his men before the audience and exhort the Thebans to fight for their freedom. The assembly responds by acclaiming Pelopidas and his men as liberators. Fearing for their lives, the Spartan garrison surrenders and are evacuated. The Thebans of the pro-Spartan party are also allowed to surrender; they are subsequently executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306221670#Greece", "title": "379 BC", "revid": 1306221670, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -377, "year_label": "378 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Theban general and statesman, Epaminondas, takes command of Thebes. Pelopidas is elected boeotarch, or chief magistrate, of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279678779#Greece", "title": "378 BC", "revid": 1279678779, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A fresh peace congress is summoned at Sparta. At the peace conference, the Spartan King Agesilaus II (with the support of Athens) refuses to allow the Thebans to sign the treaty on behalf of all Boeotia. The Theban statesman Epaminondas, who is boeotarch (one of the five magistrates of the Boeotian federation), maintains Thebes' position, even when it leads to the exclusion of Thebes from the peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -370, "year_label": "371 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Thebes' actions at the peace congress lead to a war between Sparta and Thebes. The Spartans have an army stationed on Thebes' western frontier, waiting to follow up their diplomatic success by a crushing military attack. However, at the Battle of Leuctra, the Theban generals, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, win a decisive victory over the Spartans under the other Spartan king, Cleombrotus I (who is killed in the battle). Epaminondas wins the battle with a tactical innovation which involves striking the enemy first at their strongest, instead of their weakest, point, with such crushing force that the attack is irresistible. As a result of this battle, the Boeotian federation is saved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1282391642#Greece", "title": "371 BC", "revid": 1282391642, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -369, "year_label": "370 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After appealing in vain to the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes arrives with an army, finds that the Spartans have retired and follows them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274974189#Greece", "title": "370 BC", "revid": 1274974189, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After driving off the Spartan army that has threatened Mantinea, Epaminondas of Thebes moves south and crosses the Evrotas River (the frontier of Sparta), which no hostile army has breached in historical memory. The Spartans, unwilling to engage the massive Theban army in battle, remain inside their city while the Thebans and their allies ravage Laconia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -368, "year_label": "369 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Epaminondas briefly returns to Arcadia, then marches south to Messenia, a territory which the Spartans had conquered some 200 years before. There, Epaminondas starts the rebuilding of the ancient city of Messene on Mount Ithome, with fortifications that are among the strongest in Greece. He then issues a call to Messenian exiles all over Greece to return and rebuild their homeland. The loss of Messenia is particularly damaging to the Spartans, since the territory comprises one-third of Sparta's territory and contains half of their helot population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256893468#Greece", "title": "369 BC", "revid": 1256893468, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -367, "year_label": "368 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In response, Epaminondas is reinstated in command of Theban troops and leads the Theban army into Thessaly, where he outmanoeuvres the Thessalians and secures the release of Pelopidas without a fight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242240969#Greece", "title": "368 BC", "revid": 1242240969, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -366, "year_label": "367 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Theban general, Epaminondas, again invades the Peloponnesus, but this time achieves little beyond winning Sicyon over to an alliance with Thebes. When he returns to Thebes, he is again put on trial, and again acquitted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291620451#Greece", "title": "367 BC", "revid": 1291620451, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -365, "year_label": "366 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Theban leader, Epaminondas, returns to the Peloponnesus for a third time, seeking to secure the allegiance of the states of Achaea. Although no army dares to challenge him in the field, the democratic governments he establishes there are short-lived, as pro-Spartan aristocrats soon return to the cities, reestablish the oligarchies, and bind their cities ever more closely to Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116023#Greece", "title": "366 BC", "revid": 1300116023, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -363, "year_label": "364 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On the advice of the city's military leader, Epaminondas, Thebes builds a fleet of 100 triremes to help combat Athens. Thebes destroys its Boeotian rival Orchomenus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354174238#Greece", "title": "364 BC", "revid": 1354174238, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -362, "year_label": "363 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Theban general, Epaminondas, makes a bold attempt to challenge Athens' naval empire. With a new Boeotian fleet, he sails to Byzantium, with the result that a number of cities in the Athenian Empire rebel against their now threatened masters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837770#Greece", "title": "363 BC", "revid": 1267837770, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The outbreak of civil war in the Arcadian league leads to Mantinea fighting alongside Sparta and Athens, while Tegea and other members of the league side with Thebes. The Theban general, Epaminondas leads the large allied army into the Peloponnesus, he is met by the Spartans (led by the Agiad Spartan king Agesilaus), Mantineans, Athenians, and their allies in the Battle of Mantinea. In the battle, Epaminondas is victorious, but is killed. His dying command to make peace with the enemy is followed by all sides and a general peace is established in Greece. The period of Theban domination of Greece comes to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Greece", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Epaminondas of Thebes, Greek general and statesman (b. c. 418 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Deaths", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Deaths"}}]}