{"slug": "english-language", "label": "English language", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860", "qid": "Q1860", "description": "West Germanic language", "entries": 29, "years": 25, "span": [1362, 1992], "span_label": ["1362 CE", "1992 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 13}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "latin", "label": "Latin", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "william-caxton", "label": "William Caxton", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "french-language", "label": "French language", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "new-testament", "label": "New Testament", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "belfast", "label": "Belfast", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-v-of-england", "label": "Henry V of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Chancellor of England for the first time opens Parliament with a speech in English. Under Edward III, the Pleading in English Act makes English rather than Law French the official language in English law courts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using the English language in correspondence back to England from France, where he is leading a campaign, marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#July–September", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges (or 1473–74?).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#Date_unknown", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1484, "year_label": "1484 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – William Caxton, the first printer of books in English, prints his translation of Aesop's Fables in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346941150#January–March", "title": "1484", "revid": 1346941150, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – English printer William Caxton prints his English language translation of the French book, Ars moriendi, which he renders as The art and crafte to knowe well to dye.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#April–June", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes The Whetstone of Witte in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign, and the first use in English of plus and minus signs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#Date_unknown", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "March – The New Testament of the Douai Bible, the translation into English by Father Gregory Martin from Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#January–March", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 23", "text": "23 May – Nathaniel Butter begins publication in London of Newes from Most Parts of Christendom or Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, Bohemia, the Palatinate, France and the Low Countries, one of the first regular English language newspapers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736994#Events", "title": "1622 in England", "revid": 1353736994, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Katherine Philips' translation of Pierre Corneille's Pompée is successfully produced at the Theatre Royal, Dublin (Smock Alley Theatre), the first English language play written by a woman to be performed on the professional stage. It is published in Dublin and London later in the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387406#Arts_and_literature", "title": "1663 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387406, "section": "Arts and literature"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A Roman Catholic English language New Testament is probably printed in Dublin at about this date, but all copies appear to have been suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247387145#Events", "title": "1699 in Ireland", "revid": 1247387145, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Pope produces an English language translation of Homer's Odyssey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320245388#Undated", "title": "1725 in Great Britain", "revid": 1320245388, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730: Legal proceedings in the courts to be conducted in the English language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333658126#Undated", "title": "1731 in Great Britain", "revid": 1333658126, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Conor Begley and Hugh MacCartin's English-Irish dictionary is published in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247386262#Events", "title": "1732 in Ireland", "revid": 1247386262, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Legal proceedings in the Welsh courts to be conducted in the English language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318670352#Events", "title": "1733 in Wales", "revid": 1318670352, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – English replaces Latin and Law French as the official language of English and Scottish courts following the enforcement of the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#January–March", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March – English replaces Latin and Law French as the official language of English and Scottish courts on coming into effect of the Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835385#Events", "title": "1733 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835385, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "George Sale produces a translation of the Koran into English.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295944567#Undated", "title": "1734 in Great Britain", "revid": 1295944567, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – The oldest existing English language newspaper in the world, The News Letter, is founded in Belfast, Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#July–September", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – The News Letter is first published in Belfast by Francis Joy, making it the world's oldest existing English language newspaper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311383500#Events", "title": "1737 in Ireland", "revid": 1311383500, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#Date_unknown", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop John O'Brien's Irish-English dictionary, Focaloir Gaoidhilge-Sacs-Bhéarla, is published posthumously and anonymously in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247385827#Events", "title": "1768 in Ireland", "revid": 1247385827, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Peter Williams (1722-1796) - Hymns on Various Subjects (includes \"Prayer for Strength\", the first English translation of the hymn \"Cwm Rhondda\")", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360210150#Music", "title": "1771 in Wales", "revid": 1360210150, "section": "Arts and literature › Music"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in English on Western subjects, including other European languages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#January–March", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October - First printing in English in New Zealand made by William Colenso, a notice warning against French influence in New Zealand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360372811#Events", "title": "1835 in New Zealand", "revid": 1360372811, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Lady Charlotte Guest begins publication of her translation into English of the Mabinogion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1291456615#New_books", "title": "1838 in Wales", "revid": 1291456615, "section": "Arts and literature › New books"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November", "text": "In the Cape Colony, the Dutch language is once again admitted as an official language alongside English.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360452890", "title": "1882 in South Africa", "revid": 1360452890, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Finnish epic Kalevala is published for the first time in the English language, by American linguist John Martin Crawford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#Date_unknown", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – Radio Luxembourg shuts down its English language terrestrial signal on 208 MW.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1251951320#January_–_March", "title": "1992 in Luxembourg", "revid": 1251951320, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 30", "text": "30 December – Radio Luxembourg shuts down its English language satellite signal, putting an end to its English coverage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1251951320#October_–_December", "title": "1992 in Luxembourg", "revid": 1251951320, "section": "Events › October – December"}}]}