{"slug": "england-and-wales", "label": "England and Wales", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156248", "qid": "Q1156248", "description": "legal and administrative jurisdiction within the United Kingdom", "entries": 22, "years": 17, "span": [1102, 1989], "span_label": ["1102 CE", "1989 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "parliament-of-great-britain", "label": "Parliament of Great Britain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "margaret-thatcher", "label": "Margaret Thatcher", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "july", "label": "July", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "high-king-of-ireland", "label": "High King of Ireland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-i-of-england", "label": "Henry I of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "earl-of-pembroke", "label": "Earl of Pembroke", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kent", "label": "Kent", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "english-people", "label": "English people", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-year-s-day", "label": "New Year's Day", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1102, "year_label": "1102 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arnulf de Montgomery, Lord of Pembroke, being banished from England and Wales for joining with his brother in rebellion against Henry I of England, serves his father-in-law, Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland; Henry imposes a trade embargo against Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1247814375#Events", "title": "1102 in Ireland", "revid": 1247814375, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The last hearth tax is collected in England and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#April–June", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March – legally New Year's Day for the last time in England and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835169#Events", "title": "1751 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835169, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act \"for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage\" in England and Wales. King George II adjourns Parliament the next day; the act comes into effect on March 25, 1754.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#April–June", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 6", "text": "6 June – Parliament passes Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act \"for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage\" in England and Wales, requiring marriages to be performed by licensed ministers and the reading of banns of marriage; it comes into effect in 1754. Jews and Quakers are exempted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835186#Events", "title": "1753 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835186, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July", "text": "July – the Parliament of Great Britain passes Lord Harwicke's Marriage Act 1753 \"for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage\" in England and Wales; coming into force in 1754 it will give increased incentive for couples to contract Border marriages in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353738495#Events", "title": "1753 in Scotland", "revid": 1353738495, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The Clandestine Marriages Act 1753 comes into force in England and Wales, placing marriage in that jurisdiction on a statutory basis for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#January–March", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March – Lord Harwicke's Marriage Act 1753 \"for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage\" comes into force in England and Wales, giving increased incentive for couples to contract Border marriages in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254117#Events", "title": "1754 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254117, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The first census is held in Great Britain. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents. 1.5 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, accounting for 17% of the total English population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370397745#January–March", "title": "1801", "revid": 1370397745, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1801, "year_label": "1801 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March – The first British census is carried out. The count is conducted by clergy, overseers of the poor and schoolmasters. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1316268350#Events", "title": "1801 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1316268350, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 27", "text": "27 May – The second national Census reveals that the population of England and Wales has increased in ten years by over a million to 10.1 million.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324355371#Events", "title": "1811 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1324355371, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September 10", "text": "10 September – The Cruelty to Animals Act extends protection of domesticated animals from maltreatment, including outright prohibition on bear-baiting and cockfighting in England and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333376912#Events", "title": "1835 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1333376912, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales, the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#July–September", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 31", "text": "31 August – The Public Health Act receives Royal Assent, establishing Boards of Health across England and Wales and paving the way for considerable improvements in public sanitation to counter endemic cholera in British cities. This year the third cholera pandemic reaches the UK.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411090#Events", "title": "1848 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360411090, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae: The Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales, by Pope Pius IX and future Pope Pius X.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365770371#July–September", "title": "1850", "revid": 1365770371, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "March 30", "text": "30 March – The United Kingdom Census 1851 is the first to include detailed ages, date and place of birth, occupations and marital status of those listed. The population of the UK is revealed to have reached 21 million. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales and such cities account for 35% of the total English population. Uniquely, this census also counts attendance at places of religious worship: it shows that only 35% of the population attend and, of those, nonconformists are in a majority. As part of the legacy of the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to 6,575,000, a drop of 1.6 million in ten years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360316817#Events", "title": "1851 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360316817, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Under the County and Borough Police Act, in any county or area of England and Wales where a police force has not already been established, the Justices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#October–December", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#August", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that \"bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines\" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking \"any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger\", a rule abolished in 1930.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#August", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Census in the United Kingdom: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#April", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 9", "text": "9 April – Administration of Estates Act abolishes the legal rule of primogeniture in England and Wales and the remnants of gavelkind in Kent; Law of Property Act modernises the law relating to real estate (both Acts come into effect 1 January 1926).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368044147#Events", "title": "1925 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1368044147, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax (the poll tax) is introduced in Scotland. It will be introduced in England and Wales the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#April", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › April"}}]}