{"slug": "emperor-wu-of-han", "label": "Emperor Wu of Han", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7225", "qid": "Q7225", "description": "seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China (157 BC–87 BC)", "entries": 36, "years": 34, "span": [-168, -86], "span_label": ["169 BCE", "87 BCE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Emperor Wu of Han China", "Wu of Han"], "related": [{"slug": "han-dynasty", "label": "Han dynasty", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "xiongnu", "label": "Xiongnu", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "li-guangli", "label": "Li Guangli", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "wei-zifu", "label": "Wei Zifu", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "confucianism", "label": "Confucianism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kyrgyzstan", "label": "Kyrgyzstan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gongsun-ao", "label": "Gongsun Ao", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "korea", "label": "Korea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vietnam", "label": "Vietnam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mongolia", "label": "Mongolia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nanyue", "label": "Nanyue", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -168, "year_label": "169 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Liu Fei, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty. He is also the son of Emperor Jing and a half-brother of Emperor Wu (d. 128 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360213483#Births", "title": "169 BC", "revid": 1360213483, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -156, "year_label": "157 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 30", "text": "30 July – Wu of Han, who will be emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 141 BC (d. 87 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311551494#Births", "title": "157 BC", "revid": 1311551494, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -140, "year_label": "141 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – Emperor Wu of Han (\"Martial Emperor\") starts to rule the Han dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020399#China", "title": "141 BC", "revid": 1326020399, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -138, "year_label": "139 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han sends the diplomat Zhang Qian west to form an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. Wu does this after learning from Xiongnu defectors that the Xiongnu had defeated and killed the king of the Yuezhi, had expelled the Yuezhi from their lands and were using their king's skull as a wine goblet. The Yuezhi had subsequently migrated further west.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121804#China", "title": "139 BC", "revid": 1305121804, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -137, "year_label": "138 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Grand Empress Dowager Dou, the grandmother of Emperor Wu of Han, purges the high administration of officials to consolidate her power. Among those dismissed are Prime Minister Dou Yong and her own half-brother, the General-in-Chief Tian Fen. Two of the young emperor's closest advisors, Zhao Wan and Wang Zang, are arrested and commit suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361991985#China", "title": "138 BC", "revid": 1361991985, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -135, "year_label": "136 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Confucianism is adopted as the state religion in China by Emperor Wu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373456812#China", "title": "136 BC", "revid": 1373456812, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -134, "year_label": "135 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Grand Empress Dowager Dou dies, which allows her grandson Emperor Wu to exert greater control over the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288516858#China", "title": "135 BC", "revid": 1288516858, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -133, "year_label": "134 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "On the advice of philosopher Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of Han promotes Confucianism as the official doctrine of the Han dynasty and assigns special merit to the Book of Rites, the Classic of Music, the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Documents, I Ching (the Book of Changes) and the Spring and Autumn Annals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1175484109#China", "title": "134 BC", "revid": 1175484109, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -132, "year_label": "133 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – A large army of the Han dynasty, under the overall command of Han Anguo, attempts to ambush the Xiongnu leader Junchen Chanyu in the Battle of Mayi. By pretending to betray the city of Mayi, a Han official had lured Junchen onto Han soil. However, a captured Chinese officer tips off Junchen, and so he avoids the ambush. The episode abrogates the Xiongnu-Han treaty (called heqin 和親 or \"harmonious kinship\") and marks the beginning of Emperor Wu's Han-Xiongnu War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225573331#China", "title": "133 BC", "revid": 1225573331, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -128, "year_label": "129 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March", "text": "March: Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curse Emperor Wu's favourite consort, Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561461#China", "title": "129 BC", "revid": 1369561461, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -126, "year_label": "127 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January", "text": "January: Emperor Wu of Han begins a policy of pressuring the client kings of the Han dynasty into dividing their kingdoms. Previously, only the eldest son would inherit a kingdom. However, in an edict, Wu permits the kings of Liang and Chengyang to divide the land of their states and distribute the land to their younger brothers. Wu grants these brothers titles and promises to do the same if other kings grant land to younger brothers and younger sons. This precedent pressures other kings to do likewise, and Wu places the younger brothers and younger sons under the jurisdiction of the imperial prefectures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020642#China", "title": "127 BC", "revid": 1326020642, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -123, "year_label": "124 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han rewards Wei Qing by making him General-in-Chief.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302859733#China", "title": "124 BC", "revid": 1302859733, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -122, "year_label": "123 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "For these two campaigns, Emperor Wu of Han orders Wei Qing to make his eighteen-year-old nephew Huo Qubing the commander of a force of 800 cavalry. Raiding deep into enemy territory, Huo's force kills or captures a Xiongnu Prime Minister and a Household Administrator, kills the Marquis of Jiruo (an elder relative of Yizhixie Chanyu), and captures the Chanyu's uncle Luogubi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249010029#China", "title": "123 BC", "revid": 1249010029, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -121, "year_label": "122 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han appoints Liu Ju, his son by Empress Wei Zifu, as Crown Prince.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115948#China", "title": "122 BC", "revid": 1300115948, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -120, "year_label": "121 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn - Yizhixie Chanyu plans on executing the Hunye and Xiutu kings for their failures against Huo Qubing, but learning of this, the vassal kings inform the Han of their intention to surrender. Emperor Wu of Han sends Huo Qubing across the Yellow River with an army to oversee their surrender. Some of the enemy troops and leaders then refuse to surrender, but Huo Qubing massacres 8000 of them as they attempt to flee. Huo Qubing receives the surrender of thirty-two Xiongnu vassals, and the Hunye king and other vassals are enfeoffed as marquises in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352067702#China", "title": "121 BC", "revid": 1352067702, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -118, "year_label": "119 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu creates the rank of Grand Marshal and gives it to both Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, thereby making Huo's rank and salary equal to that of Wei.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325704504#China", "title": "119 BC", "revid": 1325704504, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -117, "year_label": "118 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han secretly executes his favourite necromancer Shao Weng for fraud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328734696#China", "title": "118 BC", "revid": 1328734696, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -111, "year_label": "112 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lü Jia, Premier of the Han vassal state of Nanyue, opposes increased Han control and refuses to appear before the king of Nanyue and the envoys of Han. He rebels against the Han when Emperor Wu sends an armed force of 2,000 men to kill him and his allies. Lü kills king Zhao Xing and his regent, Queen Dowager Jiu, massacres the Han force, and installs Zhao Jiande as king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326020931#Asia", "title": "112 BC", "revid": 1326020931, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -110, "year_label": "111 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – After learning that Yang Pu had suggested an invasion of Dongyue to Emperor Wu of Han, Dongyue's king, Zou Yushan, declares himself 'Emperor Wu' and sends an army under Zou Li to invade Han territory. They capture Baisha, Wulin and Meiling, and the Han Treasurer Zhang Cheng is executed for avoiding the Dongyue army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1207645086#China", "title": "111 BC", "revid": 1207645086, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -109, "year_label": "110 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han annexes Dongyue and Minyue and relocates their population to the area between the Yangtze and Huai rivers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288515743#Asia", "title": "110 BC", "revid": 1288515743, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -108, "year_label": "109 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han inspects the Han Empire, traveling 9,000 km. He also sends diplomats to search for the legendary Penglai Island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703810#Asia", "title": "109 BC", "revid": 1325703810, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -107, "year_label": "108 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han founds Jiuquan in the Hexi Corridor as a military outpost on the Silk Road to Central Asia. It serves to protect diplomats and merchants, and it cuts off the kings of the region from the Xiongnu. He also founds Xianlei in present-day Inner Mongolia, extending Han control further north than before.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314084077#Asia", "title": "108 BC", "revid": 1314084077, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -103, "year_label": "104 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of the Heavenly Horses: Emperor Wu of Han sends an army of 6000 cavalrymen and 10,000 convicts under Li Guangli to attack Dayuan in modern Kyrgyzstan after Wugua, the king of Dayuan, refuses to send the Han any of the prized horses of Dayuan and, following a contentious meeting with the Han diplomats, has a vassal king kill the diplomats and seize their goods. The Han expeditionary force proceeds with difficulty, marching through arid regions and facing hostile cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305141071#Asia", "title": "104 BC", "revid": 1305141071, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -102, "year_label": "103 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han reinforces Li Guangli's army with 60,000 men, numerous horses and beasts of burden, and more than fifty high-ranking officers. Li Guangli's army then returns west.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115650#Asia", "title": "103 BC", "revid": 1300115650, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -100, "year_label": "101 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Han-Xiongnu War: At the beginning of the year, Xulihu Chanyu dies from illness and is succeeded by Qiedihou Chanyu. Qiedihou releases the Han envoys detained by the Xiongnu and receives gifts from Emperor Wu of Han.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1295629722#Asia", "title": "101 BC", "revid": 1295629722, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -99, "year_label": "100 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expedition under Li Guangli returns victorious to China. He is followed by dynastic representatives sent by various Central Asian kings, so that they may pay tribute to Emperor Wu of Han. Emperor Wu keeps these representatives as hostages and sends soldiers to build pavilions and reclaim wasteland along the route to the west to provide food and shelter for Han envoys.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643460#China", "title": "100 BC", "revid": 1355643460, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -98, "year_label": "99 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han has the 'Grand Historian' Sima Qian castrated after the latter argues in defense of Li Ling's surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703490#Asia", "title": "99 BC", "revid": 1325703490, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -97, "year_label": "98 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han sends the Han general Gongsun Ao on a mission to rescue general Li Ling from Xiongnu captivity. Gongsun achieves little but receives incorrect information that Li has been training Xiongnu soldiers. Enraged, Emperor Wu exterminates Li's clan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333929969#Asia", "title": "98 BC", "revid": 1333929969, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -96, "year_label": "97 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Han generals Li Guangli, Gongsun Ao, Han Yue and Lu Bode lead armies into Xiongnu territory. The campaign achieves little, and Gongsun Ao suffers a defeat. Emperor Wu of Han condemns him to death due to his troops suffering heavy losses, but he escapes by feigning his death. He is eventually discovered and executed during the witchcraft trials of 91 BC.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280577092#China", "title": "97 BC", "revid": 1280577092, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -92, "year_label": "93 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of era Taishi of Emperor Wu of Han China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347796945#East_Asia", "title": "93 BC", "revid": 1347796945, "section": "Events › By place › East Asia"}}, {"year": -90, "year_label": "91 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han executes Prime Minister Gongsun He (the brother-in-law of Empress Wei Zifu) and his clan because Gongsun's son is accused of adultery with the emperor's daughter Princess Yangshi and witchcraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300116011#China", "title": "91 BC", "revid": 1300116011, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -89, "year_label": "90 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han sends three armies against the Xiongnu under General-in-Chief Li Guangli, Ma Tong and Shang Qiucheng, marching from Wuyuan, Jiuqian and Xihe respectively. An army of Central Asian vassals of Han, under Cheng Mian, captures the king of the vassal state of Jushi, who is suspected of treachery. The Xiongnu General-in-Chief and the former Han general Li Ling fight indecisively against Shang's army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332493065#China", "title": "90 BC", "revid": 1332493065, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -89, "year_label": "90 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Li Yannian, Chinese musician (executed by Wu of Han)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332493065#Deaths", "title": "90 BC", "revid": 1332493065, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -87, "year_label": "88 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Wu of Han makes preparations for the six-year-old Liu Fuling to be made Crown Prince and establishes Huo Guang as the future regent. The emperor executes Fuling's mother Lady Gouyi so that she cannot dominate the state while Fuling is a child emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703284#China", "title": "88 BC", "revid": 1325703284, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": -86, "year_label": "87 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Han Wudi, emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 157 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324423424#Deaths", "title": "87 BC", "revid": 1324423424, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -86, "year_label": "87 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Emperor Wu of Han dies after a 54-year reign in which he leads the Han dynasty (China) through its greatest expansion. The Empire's borders span from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Mongolia in the north, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324423424#China", "title": "87 BC", "revid": 1324423424, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}]}