{"slug": "elam", "label": "Elam", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128904", "qid": "Q128904", "description": "ancient civilization of the Near East, centered in the Susiana plain and the Elamite highlands", "entries": 25, "years": 23, "span": [-2539, 639], "span_label": ["2540 BCE", "639 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Elamite Empire", "Elamites"], "related": [{"slug": "ashurbanipal", "label": "Ashurbanipal", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "assyria", "label": "Assyria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "babylon", "label": "Babylon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "babylonia", "label": "Babylonia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "susa", "label": "Susa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "military-alliance", "label": "Military alliance", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "samas-suma-ukin", "label": "Šamaš-šuma-ukin", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kavad-i", "label": "Kavad I", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ctesiphon", "label": "Ctesiphon", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "caucasian-albania", "label": "Caucasian Albania", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -2539, "year_label": "2540 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "2540 BC: Mesannepada, who has already dominated the city of Nippur, takes advantage of an eclipse of power in Kish (caused by an incursion by the Elamites of Awan) to seize the city. He becomes the ruler of all of Lower Mesopotamia as he becomes the king of Kish, and his name appears on a pearl in Mari.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895844#Mesopotamia", "title": "26th century BC", "revid": 1371895844, "section": "Events › Mesopotamia"}}, {"year": -2449, "year_label": "2450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 2450 BC: Kish is lost to Hamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elam under the Awan dynasty occupies parts of Sumer. (Roux 1980)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895857#Events", "title": "25th century BC", "revid": 1371895857, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -2003, "year_label": "2004 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "2004 BC – Ur sacked by the Elamites, bringing an end to the Third dynasty. (Middle Chronology)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895845#Events", "title": "21st century BC", "revid": 1371895845, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1699, "year_label": "1700 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300121382#Events", "title": "17th century BC", "revid": 1300121382, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1654, "year_label": "1655 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "c. 1655 BC—Tan-Uli, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242605770#Events_and_trends", "title": "1650s BC", "revid": 1242605770, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1161, "year_label": "1162 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1162 BC—The statue of Marduk is taken from Babylon by Elamite conquerors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151250#Events_and_trends", "title": "1160s BC", "revid": 1307151250, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -699, "year_label": "700 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "700 BC—Assyrian king Sennacherib launches another campaign into the Chaldean region, where the Babylonian rebel Merodach-Baladan II has been conspiring against him. Merodach-Baladan takes refuge in Elam, north of the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361440079#Events_and_trends", "title": "700s BC (decade)", "revid": 1361440079, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -698, "year_label": "699 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "699 BC—Hallashu-Inshushinak (Khallushu) succeeds Shuttir-Nakhkhunte as king of the Elamite Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292140577#Events_and_trends", "title": "690s BC", "revid": 1292140577, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -690, "year_label": "691 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "691 BC—King Sennacherib of Assyria defeats king Humban-nimena of Elam in the Battle of Halule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292140577#Events_and_trends", "title": "690s BC", "revid": 1292140577, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -681, "year_label": "682 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "682 BC—Urtaki succeeds Shilnak-Inshushinak as the king of Elam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368318910#Events_and_trends", "title": "680s BC", "revid": 1368318910, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -674, "year_label": "675 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Elamite king Urtaku comes to power; during his reign, relations between Elam and Babylonia worsen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510298#Middle_East", "title": "675 BC", "revid": 1370510298, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -664, "year_label": "665 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Elamite king Urtak launches a surprise attack against Babylonia but is successfully driven back", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510234#Events", "title": "665 BC", "revid": 1370510234, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Assyria", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Assyria"}}, {"year": -654, "year_label": "655 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Assyrian army invade Elam and overtake its twin capital cities Madaktu and Susa and install a king that is pro-Assyrian on the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372393593#Mesopotamia", "title": "655 BC", "revid": 1372393593, "section": "Events › By place › Mesopotamia"}}, {"year": -652, "year_label": "653 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Elamite forces attack southern Babylon. A large Assyrian army sent by king Ashurbanipal defeat the Elamites, in the Battle of Ulai, and kill their king, Teumman. He is succeeded by his nephew Ummanigash.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372215971#Middle_East", "title": "653 BC", "revid": 1372215971, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": -652, "year_label": "653 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Temti-Humban-Inshushinak I, king of Elam", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372215971#Deaths", "title": "653 BC", "revid": 1372215971, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -651, "year_label": "652 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510221#Middle_East", "title": "652 BC", "revid": 1370510221, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -648, "year_label": "649 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Indabigash succeeds Tammaritu as a king of the Elamite Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510224#Events", "title": "649 BC", "revid": 1370510224, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -646, "year_label": "647 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Elam refuses to extradite an Aramaean prince, giving the king Ashurbanipal of Assyria an excuse to invade the country. He sacks the city of Susa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510236#Middle_East", "title": "647 BC", "revid": 1370510236, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -639, "year_label": "640 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ashurbanipal of Assyria achieves a great victory over Elam. He captures its last king, Khumma-Khaldash III, and lays waste to the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510228#Middle_East", "title": "640 BC", "revid": 1370510228, "section": "Events › Middle East"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus reestablishes himself as satrap of Babylonia and asserts control over Media and Susiana (Elam).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Babylonia/Media/Susiana", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Babylonia/Media/Susiana"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Seleucus marches to eastern Susiana and negotiates a treaty with the Cossaei (a warlike tribe) in the mountains between Susiana and Media.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Babylonia/Media/Susiana", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Babylonia/Media/Susiana"}}, {"year": 496, "year_label": "496 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740340#Asia", "title": "496", "revid": 1364740340, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Heraclius plunders the city palace of Dastgerd (Iran) and gains tremendous riches (also recovering 300 captured Byzantine flags). He turns northeastward to Caucasian Albania to rest his army. Khosrau II flees to the mountains of Susiana, to rally support for the defense of the Persian capital Ctesiphon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 639, "year_label": "639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hormuzan, Persian satrap of Susiana (vassal of the Rashidun Caliphate), revolts against the Muslims and raids Mesopotamia. Arab forces under Abu Musa al-Asha'ari destroy Susa in the lower Zagros Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754023#Arabian_Empire", "title": "639", "revid": 1364754023, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}]}