{"slug": "ebro", "label": "Ebro", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10965", "qid": "Q10965", "description": "river in Spain", "entries": 13, "years": 13, "span": [-225, 1148], "span_label": ["226 BCE", "1148 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "also_known_as": ["Ebro River"], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "gnaeus-cornelius-scipio-calvus", "label": "Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "publius-cornelius-scipio-consul-218-bc", "label": "Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 218 BC)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pyrenees", "label": "Pyrenees", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hasdrubal-barca", "label": "Hasdrubal Barca", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "principality-of-catalonia", "label": "Principality of Catalonia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "umayyad-state-of-cordoba", "label": "Umayyad state of Córdoba", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -225, "year_label": "226 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360927548#Roman_Republic", "title": "226 BC", "revid": 1360927548, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -218, "year_label": "219 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal lays siege to Saguntum thus initiating the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome. Saguntum is an independent Iberian Peninsula city south of the Ebro River. In the treaty between Rome and Carthage concluded in 226 BC, the Ebro had been set as the northern limit of Carthaginian influence in the Iberian Peninsula. Saguntum is south of the Ebro, but the Romans have \"friendship\" with the city and regard the Carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. The siege of Saguntum lasts eight months, and in it Hannibal is severely wounded. The Romans, who send envoys to Carthage in protest, demand the surrender of Hannibal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325717539#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "219 BC", "revid": 1325717539, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": -216, "year_label": "217 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome to Spain as proconsul. In a naval battle on the Ebro River at Tarraco, the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223252#Spain", "title": "217 BC", "revid": 1306223252, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": -214, "year_label": "215 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle at Dertosa near the Ebro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337286145#Spain", "title": "215 BC", "revid": 1337286145, "section": "Events › By place › Spain"}}, {"year": -209, "year_label": "210 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1254970145#Roman_Republic", "title": "210 BC", "revid": 1254970145, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Continuing campaigns of Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula. Arab forces raid the valley of the Ebro River, and capture the fortress city of Zaragoza. Musa ibn Nusayr is made protector (wali) of Al-Andalus, with his capital at Seville (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim forces under Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri, governor (wali) of Al-Andalus, cross the Pyrenees and ravage both sides of the mountains. He establishes colonies along the Ebro Valley, and within Basque territory. The Moorish main military efforts are in Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre and Septimania (Southern France), strengthening the towns already in their hands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Europe", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne conquers Catalonia, as far south as the River Ebro and the Balearic Islands. The counties come under the rule of Bera, count of Barcelona. He signs a three-year peace treaty with the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Europe", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 833, "year_label": "833 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941699#Europe", "title": "833", "revid": 1340941699, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 — At the Battle of Valdejunquera, the Muslim forces of the Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Córdoba, defeat the Christian armies of King Ordoño II of León and King Sancho I of Pamplona. The decisive battle at the Val de Junquera takes place following the Emir's pre-emptive strike and his invasion of the upper Douro valley and the capture of Osma. The Arab army proceeds on to the upper Ebro, restoring and replenishing Umayyad garrisons in the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roger I of Tosny, a Norman nobleman, leaves the battlefield of the Ebro Valley after terrorising the Saracens and capturing several towns and castles during the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Europe", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (\"the Great\"), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Europe", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Afonso I (\"the Great\") of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Almoravids. Ramon Berenguer IV conquers the lower Ebro plain (between 1148–1149).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Europe", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}