{"slug": "dardanelles", "label": "Dardanelles", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6514", "qid": "Q6514", "description": "strait in northwestern Turkey", "entries": 38, "years": 34, "span": [-497, 1942], "span_label": ["498 BCE", "1942 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 25}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Hellespont", "Strait of Çanakkale"], "related": [{"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "abydos-hellespont", "label": "Abydos (Hellespont)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cyprus", "label": "Cyprus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bosporus", "label": "Bosporus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pergamon", "label": "Pergamon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "manuel-i-komnenos", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -497, "year_label": "498 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kaunos and Caria, followed by Byzantium and towns in the Hellespont also revolt against the Persians. Cyprus also joins the rebellion, as Onesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne of Salamis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138296#Greece", "title": "498 BC", "revid": 1373138296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -496, "year_label": "497 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians launch an expedition on the Hellespont and later Caria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139785#Greece", "title": "497 BC", "revid": 1305139785, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -410, "year_label": "411 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian navy under Thrasybulus recalls Alcibiades from Sardis. Alcibiades' election is confirmed by the Athenians at the request of Theramenes. A Spartan fleet in the Hellespont at Cynossema is then defeated by an Athenian fleet commanded by Thrasybulus and Alcibiades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210116731#Greece", "title": "411 BC", "revid": 1210116731, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -394, "year_label": "395 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The \"Corinthian War\" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370496371#Greece", "title": "395 BC", "revid": 1370496371, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -388, "year_label": "389 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, leads a force of triremes to levy tribute from cities around the Aegean and support Rhodes, where a democratic government is struggling against Sparta. On this campaign, Thrasybulus captures Byzantium, imposes a duty on ships passing through the Hellespont, and collects tribute from many of the Aegean Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292700126#Greece", "title": "389 BC", "revid": 1292700126, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -355, "year_label": "356 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Chares is given sole command of the Athenian fleet and withdraws to the Hellespont to move against Byzantium. The generals Timotheus, Iphicrates and his son Menestheus are sent with 60 ships to help him when the enemy fleet is sighted on the Hellespont. Timotheus and Iphicrates refuse to engage due to a severe gale, but Chares does engage and lose many of his ships. Timotheus and Iphicrates are accused by Chares and put on trial, however only Timotheus is condemned to pay a fine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343819365#Greece", "title": "356 BC", "revid": 1343819365, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -333, "year_label": "334 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Alexander III of Macedonia crosses the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who has already faithfully served his father, Philip II, as his deputy in Greece with over 13,000 men. Alexander himself commands about 30,000 foot soldiers and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 are Macedonians and about 7,000 are allies sent by the Greek League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356615565#Macedonia", "title": "334 BC", "revid": 1356615565, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -316, "year_label": "317 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Byzantium: At the start of the year, Antigonus Monophthalmus sends Nicanor with a large fleet to do battle with Cleitus the White at the Hellespont. The two fleets meet in near Byzantium, Cleitus wins a victory in which some 70 ships of Nicanor are captured, sunk or disabled, the remnant escaping to Chalcedon, where they are joined by Antigonus and his army. Antigonus orders the remaining 60 ships to be readied for renewed action, and assigns his strongest and most loyal soldiers as marines to these ships. Meanwhile, the Byzantines transport his archers, slingers and peltast to the European shore, where Cleitus's victorious forces were encamped. At dawn the next day Antigonus launches an assault by land and sea and catches Cleitus completely by surprise; Cleitus’s entire force is captured or killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354173231#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "317 BC", "revid": 1354173231, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus marches his main field army to the Hellespontine region threatening to invade Europe and attack Macedon, forcing Cassander to retreat to Macedon to prepare its defences.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Greece/Macedon/Thrace", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Greece/Macedon/Thrace"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -276, "year_label": "277 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius at the Battle of Lysimachia near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. After this success, he is acknowledged by the Macedonians as their king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256058749#Greece", "title": "277 BC", "revid": 1256058749, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -195, "year_label": "196 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in Anatolia. To meet these demands would mean Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172645#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "196 BC", "revid": 1354172645, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -189, "year_label": "190 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Meeting no further resistance from the Seleucids and their allies, the Roman army under general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius, along with King Eumenes II of Pergamum and other allies, cross the Hellespont into Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342606670#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "190 BC", "revid": 1342606670, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – Brutus and Cassius cross the Hellespont. They march to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -29, "year_label": "30 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles, ships them across to Asia Minor and marches into Syria where Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357307367#Roman_Republic", "title": "30 BC", "revid": 1357307367, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Battle of the Hellespont: Flavius Julius Crispus, the designated heir of his father Constantine, destroys the naval fleet of Licinius in the Dardanelles, allowing Constantine to cross over the Bosphorus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembles a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern-day Lapseki).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, a Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag ad hoc fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Roman_Empire", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – A military revolt breaks out in the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army marches to Chrysopolis, and sends a delegation across the straits of the Hellespont to Constantinople, demanding that the two brothers should remain co-emperors alongside Constantine IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 989, "year_label": "989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Basil II uses his contingent of 6,000 Varangians to help him defeat Bardas Phokas (the Younger), who suffers a seizure during the siege of Abydos (threatening to blockade the Dardanelles). Phokas dies, ending the revolt and threat to Constantinople. Upon Phokas' death, the other rebel leader Bardas Skleros (who is captured and blinded) yields to Basil's superior forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624689#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "989", "revid": 1357624689, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The German crusaders suffer a natural disaster near Constantinople, when part of their encampment is swept away by a flash flood with considerable loss of life. Emperor Manuel I Komnenos orders the Crusaders to cross to Asia Minor by the Hellespont. Conrad III ignores the advice of Manuel and after some minor clashes with the Byzantines, pushes towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for \"the knights of Jerusalem\". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to Gallipoli at the Dardanelles to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into Asia Minor. On April 25, he enters territory of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum under the rule of Sultan Kilij Arslan II. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On May 7, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the Battle of Philomelion, by 2,000 Crusaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May – June – The Crusader fleet rounds Greece and stops at Negroponte (modern-day Halkis), where the local authorities submit to Alexios Angelos. Encouraged by this, the Crusader leaders send him and several ships to extend his authority over the neighboring island of Andros. Mid-June, the Crusader fleet sails from Greece to Abydos, where it enters the Dardanelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#April–June", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 3", "text": "3 May – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374053914#Events", "title": "1810 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1374053914, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#January", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – French passenger steamer Byzantin founders in the Dardanelles during a gale after collision with British SS Rinaldo, killing around 210 people, with only 14 crew of the Byzantin saved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#December", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 18", "text": "18 December – French passenger steamer Byzantin founders in the Dardanelles during a gale after collision with British SS Rinaldo, killing around 210 people, with only 14 crew of the Byzantin saved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357632119#Events", "title": "1878 in France", "revid": 1357632119, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1912, "year_label": "1912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18–21 – First Balkan War: The Greek navy captures the island of Lemnos for use as a forward base against the Dardanelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503730#October", "title": "1912", "revid": 1373503730, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#January", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Gallipoli campaign: A Franco-British naval attack on the Dardanelles fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is signed in Montreux, allowing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#July–August", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "20 July – Romania signs the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits governing the Bosporus and Dardanelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1240538116#Events", "title": "1936 in Romania", "revid": 1240538116, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 14", "text": "14 July – Atılay tragedy. Submarine Atılay sank because of a naval mine in the Strait of Çanakkale (Dardanelles)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1293868762#Events", "title": "1942 in Turkey", "revid": 1293868762, "section": "Events"}}]}