{"slug": "czech-republic", "label": "Czech Republic", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213", "qid": "Q213", "description": "country in Central Europe", "entries": 26, "years": 25, "span": [-2299, 2023], "span_label": ["2300 BCE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "bohemia", "label": "Bohemia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hungary", "label": "Hungary", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hussite-wars", "label": "Hussite Wars", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cyprus", "label": "Cyprus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "slovakia", "label": "Slovakia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "czechoslovakia", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-bohemia", "label": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "european-union", "label": "European Union", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "nato", "label": "NATO", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "prague", "label": "Prague", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "olomouc", "label": "Olomouc", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -2299, "year_label": "2300 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 2300 BC: The Unetice culture emerges in the modern-day Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895841#Events", "title": "23rd century BC", "revid": 1371895841, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town Slaný in the Central Bohemian Region (Czech Republic) is founded at the site of a salt spring, according to one chronicle written in the sixteenth century (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Europe", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Bořivoj I, duke of Bohemia, makes Levý Hradec (modern Czech Republic) his residence. Around this time Prague Castle is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Europe", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Ludmila, Bohemian duchess and widow of Bořivoj I, is murdered by her daughter-in-law Drahomíra at Tetín (modern Czech Republic). Ludmila will be canonised and become the patron saint of Bohemia and is venerated in the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1063, "year_label": "1063 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The bishopric of Olomouc (located on the River Morava) is founded (modern Czech Republic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370137387#Religion", "title": "1063", "revid": 1370137387, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia near the town of Klatovy (modern Czech Republic) as part of a frontier defense system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Europe", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#Date_unknown", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1420, "year_label": "1420 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Hussite Wars After their offer of a surrender is refused, the outnumbered Hussites of Bohemia, led by Jan Zizka, defeat the invading Holy Roman Imperial forces at the Battle of Sudoměř fought near modern-day Čejetice in the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937924#January–March", "title": "1420", "revid": 1365937924, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – At the Battle of Brüx, Hussite troops led by Jan Želivský, are defeated by the German Saxon baron Frederick of Meissen at what is now the city of Most in what is now the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#July–September", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1423, "year_label": "1423 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656788#October–December", "title": "1423", "revid": 1365656788, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – After the signing of a treaty between the different factions in the Hussite Wars, the Bohemian campaign is completed in the modern-day Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#July_–September", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1459, "year_label": "1459 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Treaty of Eger is signed by representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony, setting a border that remains more than 500 years later as the border between the Czech Republic and Germany as running along the main ridge of the Ore Mountains from Eger to the River Elbe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366548241#April–June", "title": "1459", "revid": 1366548241, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "As part of the Thirty Years' War, Lennart Torstensson, Count of Ortala, led the Swedish army in capturing Olomouc, in the Czech Republic, in June 1642. They destroyed many monuments, including the Hradisko Monastery, and rebuilt the city into a military fortress. Olomouc became the most important stronghold of Sweden during the Habsburg Monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370158494#Events", "title": "1642 in Sweden", "revid": 1370158494, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký) of Bohemia is canonized by Pope Benedict XIII more than 300 years after being tortured and drowned in 1393 by order of King Wenceslaus IV; John becomes patron saint of Roman Catholics in the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#January–March", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – The Laurin & Klement automobile brand, predecessor of Škoda Auto, is founded as a bicycle manufacturer in central Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#December", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 18", "text": "18 November – Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Gambia, India, Nigeria, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka recognizes the State of Palestine. The Czech Republic and Slovakia continue this recognition following the 1992 dissolution of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369068096#November", "title": "1988 in Palestine", "revid": 1369068096, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#January", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Abortion in Poland: Lech Walesa signs into law one of the strictest anti-abortion laws in Eastern Europe, banning abortion for any reason other than rape, incest, genetic deformity, or if the mother's life is in danger. Polish women seeking elective abortions must hereafter travel to the Czech Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#February", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#July", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic join NATO.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#March", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#April", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 4", "text": "4 December – The Czech Republic mission to Iraq ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367045722#December", "title": "2008 in Iraq", "revid": 1367045722, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – The Czech Republic becomes the final member-state of the European Union to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, thereby permitting that document's initiation into European law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#November", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 - A Czech archaeological team discovers the tomb of formerly unknown Ancient Egyptian queen Khentakawess III who lived during the Fifth Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351234264#January", "title": "2015 in Egypt", "revid": 1351234264, "section": "Arts and Culture › January"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – the Czech Republic takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the French presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#July", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – The deadliest mass shooting in the Czech Republic's history occurs at a Prague university, with 15 killed, including the perpetrator, and 25 others wounded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#December", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › December"}}]}