{"slug": "cumberland", "label": "Cumberland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23360", "qid": "Q23360", "description": "historic county of England", "entries": 11, "years": 11, "span": [944, 1537], "span_label": ["944 CE", "1537 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "edmund-i", "label": "Edmund I", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "william-the-lion", "label": "William the Lion", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "york", "label": "York", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northumbria", "label": "Northumbria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "midlands", "label": "Midlands", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lincoln-england", "label": "Lincoln, England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "henry-iii-of-england", "label": "Henry III of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alexander-ii-of-scotland", "label": "Alexander II of Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edward-ii", "label": "Edward II", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Edmund I regains (with the help of Danish settlers) the territory he ceded to Olaf Guthfrithson. He conquers Northumbria and cedes Cumberland to Malcolm I, king of the 'Picts and Scots'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#England", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Edmund I conquers Strathclyde, forms an alliance with Malcolm I (king of the 'Picts and Scots') and cedes Cumberland and Westmorland to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#England", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1136, "year_label": "1136 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Treaty of Durham: A peace treaty is signed by Stephen and David I. The Scots are allowed to keep Carlisle and a part of Cumberland in return for stopping their advance. David refuses an oath of allegiance, as his loyalties rest with Matilda (daughter of the late King Henry I).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584360#Britain", "title": "1136", "revid": 1365584360, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1199, "year_label": "1199 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King William the Lion of Scotland supports John's claim to the English throne, in exchange for ownership of the northern territories (including Northumberland and Cumberland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187159#Britain", "title": "1199", "revid": 1369187159, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – During a tour of the Midlands, John receives homage from William the Lion, king of Scotland, at Lincoln. William is looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand ensures that these areas are controlled by English nobles he can trust.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Britain", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Treaty of York: King Henry III signs an agreement with Alexander II of Scotland at York. Alexander subjects to Henry's sovereignty and renounces the Scottish claims to Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland. This establishes the Anglo-Scottish border in a form with the future status of several feudal properties and marks the end of Scotland's attempts to extend its frontier southward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#England", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1297, "year_label": "1297 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October–November – Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in Northumberland and Cumberland. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed Guardian of Scotland. (Contradicts First Scottish War of Independence that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359692211#British_Isles", "title": "1297", "revid": 1359692211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Scottish nobles Edmund Comyn and Simon Fraser lead an invasion from Dumfriesshire in Scotland, crossing the border into England at Cumberland and laying waste to Carlisle and its surrounding area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1319, "year_label": "1319 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Battle of Myton: Scottish forces (some 15,000 men) led by James the Black, Lord Douglas, defeat an English army in an encounter known as the \"Chapter of Myton\" because of the large number of clergymen involved. David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes, writes 460 years later, \"The English were instantly routed. Three thousand were left dead on the field, and great part of fugitives drowned in the Swale. In this action there fell three thousand ecclesiastics, [20th September.] According to the savage peasantry of those times, this rout was termed by the Scots, the Chapter of Mitton.\" After the battle, King Edward II is forced to raise the siege at Berwick Castle and retreats south of the River Trent, allowing the Scots to ravage Cumberland and Westmorland unmolested. Queen Isabella, who is in York at this time, manages to escape to safety at Nottingham.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361361432#July_–_September", "title": "1319", "revid": 1361361432, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – English invasion of Scotland (1385): With England's Army having left its borders undefended, Scottish and French troops invade England and plunder Cumberland in retaliation for the burning of Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#July–September", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#January–March", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}