{"slug": "crimea", "label": "Crimea", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835", "qid": "Q7835", "description": "Eastern European peninsula, in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, disputed between Ukraine (de jure) and Russia (de facto)", "entries": 33, "years": 30, "span": [-63, 2022], "span_label": ["64 BCE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Crimean Peninsula"], "related": [{"slug": "chersonesus", "label": "Chersonesus", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "justinian-ii", "label": "Justinian II", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kievan-rus", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-death", "label": "Black Death", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ukraine", "label": "Ukraine", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolic-theme", "label": "Anatolic Theme", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -63, "year_label": "64 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Pompey destroys the kingdom of Pontus; king Mithridates VI commits suicide after escaping to the Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139759#Roman_Republic", "title": "64 BC", "revid": 1305139759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 242, "year_label": "242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192139#Roman_Empire", "title": "242", "revid": 1371192139, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Göktürks under Taspar Qaghan besiege the city of Chersonesos Taurica (modern Ukraine), located at the Black Sea; their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Europe", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Pope Martin I is banished to Chersonesos Taurica (Ukraine). He dies later in the Crimean Peninsula after a 6-year reign, leaving Eugene I as the uncontested pope (see 654).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Religion", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 695, "year_label": "695 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The population of Byzantium revolts under Leontios, the strategos (military governor) of the Anatolic Theme, and proclaims him emperor. Justinian II is deposed and his nose is cut off (leading to his subsequent nickname of \"the Slit-nosed\"). He is exiled to Cherson (Crimea), and begins to plot an attempt to retake the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806239#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "695", "revid": 1340806239, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "After spending nearly a decade with the Khazars (a Turkic tribe which controls a Steppe empire), the deposed emperor Justinian II flees from his exile at Cherson (Crimea). He escapes with help from Busir, ruler (khagan) of the Khazars, who marries him to his sister Theodora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine outpost of Cherson (Crimea) rebels (with Khazar assistance) against Emperor Justinian II. He sends a fleet under the patrikios Stephen, which retakes the city and restores Byzantine control. The fleet, however, is struck by a storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of Heraclius, that has ruled since 610.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") appoints his 5-year-old son Constantine VI co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire. This leads to an uprising, led by one of Leo's half-brothers, Caesar Nikephoros, the second son of former emperor Constantine V. The revolt is quickly suppressed. Fortunately for Nikephoros, his only punishment is to be stripped of his titles, while the rest of the conspirators are blinded, tonsured, and exiled to Cherson (southern Crimea) under guard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Dorostolon: A Byzantine expeditionary army (possibly 30–40,000 men) attacks the Bulgarian frontier, personally led by Emperor John I. He lays siege to the fortress city of Dorostolon (located on the Lower Danube), and is reinforced by a fleet of 300 ships equipped with Greek fire. The Kievan Rus' and their Bulgarian allies are reduced to extremities by famine. After a 3-month siege, Grand Prince Sviatoslav I agrees to sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines, whereby he renounces his interests towards Bulgarian lands and the city of Chersonesos in Crimea. Sviatoslav is allowed to evacuate his army to Berezan Island, while the Byzantines enter Dorostolon. John renames the city Theodoropolis (named after the reigning Empress Theodora).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', marries Anna Porphyrogenita (sister of Basil II) and converts to Christianity. He is baptized at Cherson in the Crimea, taking the Christian name of Basil (in honor of his brother-in-law). Vladimir returns in triumph to Kiev, and begins the Christianization of Kievan Rus' to the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Religion", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or Tauric Peninsula), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongols under Batu Khan continue their campaign across the Pontic Steppe. After devastating the Crimea and campaigning against the Circassians in the Caucasus, they turn towards the Kievan Rus'. In March, Pereyaslavl, capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl, is sacked by the Mongols.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1314, "year_label": "1314 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Ozbek Han Mosque is built in the realm of Özbeg Khan in the Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434387#Religion", "title": "1314", "revid": 1373434387, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1341, "year_label": "1341 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) affects Crimea (disputed event).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561422#Events", "title": "1341", "revid": 1369561422, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A severe Bubonic Plague epidemic begins in the Crimea, marking the first major epidemic of the Black Death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1346, "year_label": "1346 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October", "text": "October–November – Several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350441074#Events", "title": "1346", "revid": 1350441074, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1735, "year_label": "1735 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces fail to occupy the Crimea, due to rasputitsa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365121192#Date_unknown", "title": "1735", "revid": 1365121192, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russian forces occupy the Crimea, under Prince Vasily Dolgorukov.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#July–September", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Sevastopol is founded on the Crimean Peninsula of the Russian Empire, by Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#Date_unknown", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#January–March", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1792, "year_label": "1792 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359853540#January–March", "title": "1792", "revid": 1359853540, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – The White Army's last units and civilian refugees are evacuated from the Crimea onboard 126 ships, \"Wrangel's fleet\" (the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet), to Turkey, Tunisia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, accompanied by wide-scale civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounts to approximately 150,000 people, of which 20% are civilians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#November", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – WWII: The Soviet hospital ship Armenia is sunk by German aircraft while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several Crimean hospitals. It is estimated that more than 5,000 die in the sinking.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#November", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in Crimea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#December", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "8 June – Haim Boger (born 1876), Russian (Crimea)-born Zionist activist and Israeli politician.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318407271#Notable_deaths", "title": "1963 in Israel", "revid": 1318407271, "section": "Notable deaths"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – In a Black Sea incident, American cruiser USS Yorktown and the destroyer USS Caron, claiming the right of innocent passage, enter the Soviet territorial waters near the southern Crimean Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#March", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 13", "text": "13 March – 1986 Black Sea incident: American cruiser USS Yorktown and the destroyer USS Caron, claiming the right of innocent passage, enter the Soviet territorial waters near the southern Crimean Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300649348#March", "title": "1986 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1300649348, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea during an attempted coup. Led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the parliament building. Gorbachev returns to Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#August", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – 2014 Crimean status referendum: A disputed referendum on the status of the Crimean Peninsula is held.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#March", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – During an emergency meeting, the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, Germany, France, Japan, and Canada temporarily suspend Russia from the G8, recognizing Crimea within Ukraine's international borders and rejecting the validity of the 2014 Crimean referendum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373534475#March", "title": "2014", "revid": 1373534475, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – A school shooting and bomb attack in Kerch, Crimea, kills 20 people and injures 70 others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#October", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: An explosion occurs on the Crimean Bridge connecting Crimea and Russia, killing three and causing a partial collapse of the only road bridge between the Crimean Peninsula and the Russian mainland. Two days later, retaliatory missile strikes are conducted by Russia across Ukraine, the most widespread since the start of the invasion, notably including attacks on Kyiv.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#October", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › October"}}]}