{"slug": "covenanters", "label": "Covenanters", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138040", "qid": "Q1138040", "description": "Scottish religious movement", "entries": 35, "years": 20, "span": [1638, 1893], "span_label": ["1638 CE", "1893 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Covenanter"], "related": [{"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "charles-i-of-england", "label": "Charles I of England", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "charles-ii-of-england", "label": "Charles II of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "newcastle-upon-tyne", "label": "Newcastle upon Tyne", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cavalier", "label": "Cavalier", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "church-of-scotland", "label": "Church of Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jacobitism", "label": "Jacobitism", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "orkney", "label": "Orkney", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roundhead", "label": "Roundhead", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-model-army", "label": "New Model Army", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose a response to the 14 demands of the Bishops of Aberdeen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#July–September", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 26", "text": "26 January – King Charles I raises (with difficulty) an army and begins to march north to fight the Scottish Covenanters in the First Bishops' War, opening the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368411443#Events", "title": "1639 in England", "revid": 1368411443, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – King Charles I of England arrives with his army at Berwick-upon-Tweed as the first of the Bishops' Wars breaks out between the English Army and the Scottish Covenanters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#April–June", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 13", "text": "13 April – King Charles I summons the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the Second Bishops' War against the Scottish Covenanters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119796#Events", "title": "1640 in England", "revid": 1366119796, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#July–September", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "20 August – a Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366119796#Events", "title": "1640 in England", "revid": 1366119796, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "21 August – the Scottish Covenanter army leaves Newcastle upon Tyne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737153#Events", "title": "1641 in England", "revid": 1353737153, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – English Civil War: Battle of Tippermuir – Montrose defeats Lord Elcho's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#July–September", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Battle of Inverlochy: The Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#January–March", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters under Lord Leven begin the Siege of Hereford, a Royalist stronghold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Philiphaugh – The Covenanters under Sir David Leslie defeat the Royalists under Montrose near Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, restoring the power of the Committee of Estates. After the battle, prisoners and 300 camp followers (many of them women and children) are slaughtered by Covenanters in cold blood.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#July–September", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "5 June – the Battle of Benburb, part of the Irish Confederate Wars, takes place in County Tyrone. The forces of Catholic Confederate Ireland under Owen Roe O'Neill secure a decisive victory over a Scottish Covenanter and Anglo-Irish army led by Robert Monro.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361143237#Events", "title": "1646 in Ireland", "revid": 1361143237, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#July–September", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "30 July – Commissioners of Parliament and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that the King gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055229#Events", "title": "1646 in England", "revid": 1360055229, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#October–December", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "6 December – Battle of Lisnagarvey – a Scottish Covenanter force is routed by the English Parliamentarian New Model Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318941674#Events", "title": "1649 in Ireland", "revid": 1318941674, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – The Battle of Carbisdale begins when a Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from the Orkney Islands. The Royalists are defeated by a Covenanter army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#April–June", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – claimant King Charles II of England signs the Treaty of Breda with the Scottish Covenanters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737244#Events", "title": "1650 in England", "revid": 1353737244, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – Charles II repudiates his alliance with Irish Catholics in favour of one with Scottish Covenanters in the Treaty of Breda. Most English Royalists in Ireland surrender to the Parliamentarians after this point.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372670661#Events", "title": "1650 in Ireland", "revid": 1372670661, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – At the Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland, the English Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Major-General John Lambert, defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#July–September", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Battle of Rullion Green takes place in the Pentland Hills near Midlothian in Scotland as the culmination of the brief 'Pentland Rising' which began on November 15 as a rebellion by the Covenanters who oppose changes in the Church of Scotland. At least 2,000 men of the Scottish Royal Army, led by General Thomas Dalyell, defeat more than 750 Covenanter rebels who have been under the command of James Wallace of Auchens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#October–December", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – James Sharp, the Church of Scotland's Archbishop of St Andrews, is assassinated at Magus Muir in Fife, when his coach is ambushed by a group of nine of the Scottish Covenanters. Only two of the assassins, David Hackston and Andrew Guillan, are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Battle of Drumclog: A group of 200 Scottish Covenanters overwhelm a small Scottish Army unit, that had been pursuing them for the murder of Archbishop Sharp. The Covenanters, led by 19-year-old William Cleland, kill 36 of the Scottish soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "22 June – Battle of Bothwell Bridge in Scotland: Royal forces led by the Duke of Monmouth and John Graham of Claverhouse subdue the Scottish Covenanters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737517#Events", "title": "1679 in England", "revid": 1353737517, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – More than 200 captives on the ship The Crown of London, all Scottish Covenanters arrested after the battle of Bothwell Bridge, are killed when the ship is wrecked on the Orkney Islands while transporting the group to exile in North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#October–December", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1682, "year_label": "1682 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Scottish minister James Renwick, one of the Covenanters resisting the Scottish government's suppression of alternate religious views, publishes the Declaration of Lanark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560956#January–March", "title": "1682", "revid": 1369560956, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the \"Covenanters\" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his \"Apologetical Declaration\" on church doors and market crosses in and around Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#October–December", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Killing Time: Five Covenanters in Wigtown, Scotland, notably Margaret Wilson, are executed for refusing to swear an oath declaring King James of England, Scotland and Ireland as head of the church, becoming the Wigtown martyrs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – James Renwick, the last of the Covenanters in Scotland to be martyred for opposing the authority of King Charles II, is publicly hanged at Grassmarket square in Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#January–March", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – First Jacobite rising: Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in Perthshire – Scottish Covenanter supporters of William III and Mary II (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II, but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed. Hand grenades are used in action.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#July–September", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 27", "text": "27 July – first Jacobite rising: Scottish Covenanter supporters of William and Mary (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James at the Battle of Killiecrankie but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369556259#Events", "title": "1689 in England", "revid": 1369556259, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – A group of Scottish Presbyterians who had fled to America from Scotland held the first Covenanter communion in the 13 American colonies, meeting in New Kingstown, Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The first recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, between the Geneva College Covenanters and the New Brighton YMCA.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#April", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › April"}}]}