{"slug": "celts", "label": "Celts", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35966", "qid": "Q35966", "description": "Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe", "entries": 15, "years": 15, "span": [-399, 810], "span_label": ["400 BCE", "810 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Celt"], "related": [{"slug": "ancient-rome", "label": "Ancient Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "galatia", "label": "Galatia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "anglo-saxons", "label": "Anglo-Saxons", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lusitania", "label": "Lusitania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hannibal", "label": "Hannibal", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "hamilcar-barca", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -399, "year_label": "400 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "London has its origins on a rise above marshy waters at the point where the Walbrook joins the River Thames. The Celtic king, Belin, rebuilds an earth wall surrounding a few dozen huts and orders a small landing place to be cut into the south side of the wall, along the river front, where a wooden quay is built (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361270863#By_place", "title": "400 BC", "revid": 1361270863, "section": "Events › By place"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Fabius Ambustus and two other Fabii are sent as ambassadors by Rome to a wandering tribe of Celts (whom the Romans call Gauls), under Brennus, who are advancing down the Tiber while the Celtic army is besieging Clusium. After Quintus Fabius' group becomes involved in a skirmish with the Gauls and kill one of the Gauls' leaders, the offended Gauls demand that Rome surrender the Fabii members to them. The Romans refuse, so the Gauls advance on Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Roman_Republic", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Illyria", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Events › By place › Illyria"}}, {"year": -276, "year_label": "277 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius at the Battle of Lysimachia near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. After this success, he is acknowledged by the Macedonians as their king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256058749#Greece", "title": "277 BC", "revid": 1256058749, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -235, "year_label": "236 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother Laodice I, allies himself with the Galatians (Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother Seleucus II's army at Ancyra in Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368088891#Asia_Minor", "title": "236 BC", "revid": 1368088891, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -229, "year_label": "230 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304215922#Asia_Minor", "title": "230 BC", "revid": 1304215922, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -220, "year_label": "221 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246108993#Iberian_Peninsula", "title": "221 BC", "revid": 1246108993, "section": "Events › By place › Iberian Peninsula"}}, {"year": -193, "year_label": "194 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Battle of Mutina is fought between the Romans and the Boii (a Gallic tribe). The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368091897#Roman_Republic", "title": "194 BC", "revid": 1368091897, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -150, "year_label": "151 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837944#Roman_Republic", "title": "151 BC", "revid": 1267837944, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -146, "year_label": "147 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Lusitania, Hispania, the Celtic king Viriathus, rallies Lusitanian resistance to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561239#Roman_Republic", "title": "147 BC", "revid": 1369561239, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -112, "year_label": "113 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Noreia: The Cimbri and Teutones cross the Danube and enter the lands of the Celtic tribe, the Taurisci (centered in what is now Austria and north-eastern Italy). The latter sent emissaries to Rome, seeking help in dealing with the migration. The Senate sends consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo across the Julian Alps, to deal with the migration at the head of an army (some 30,000 men). He offers guides to escort them out of the territory of the Taurisci. The guides are instructed to lead the tribes to the town of Noreia, where Carbo sets an ambush. The Cimbri manage to discover Carbo's plan, they turn the tables and defeat the Romans during an ambush. Carbo manages to escape with the remnants of his consular army (some 6,000 men) during a heavy thunderstorm. Later, he is indicted by the Senate for losing the battle, but escapes conviction by committing suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259352573#Roman_Republic", "title": "113 BC", "revid": 1259352573, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 213, "year_label": "213 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some Germanic marauders from Gaul, while his mother, Julia Domna, rules the Empire. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins over the Germanic tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title \"Germanicus\". It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the caracalla, a Celtic or Germanic tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077872#Roman_Empire", "title": "213", "revid": 1267077872, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 500, "year_label": "500 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army, that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex or possibly Cerdic of Wessex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 517). This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361340160#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 500", "revid": 1361340160, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex invade the lower Severn Valley, and defeat the British Celts at Dyrham (South West England). After the battle, the Saxons occupy the three cities: Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath, bringing their advance to the Bristol Channel (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Europe", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Book of Kells (also known as the Book of Colomba), an illuminated manuscript, is completed by Celtic monks (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Religion", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}]}