{"slug": "caucasus", "label": "Caucasus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18869", "qid": "Q18869", "description": "region spanning Europe and Asia", "entries": 24, "years": 24, "span": [299, 1942], "span_label": ["299 CE", "1942 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "huns", "label": "Huns", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "khosrow-i", "label": "Khosrow I", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "georgia-country", "label": "Georgia (country)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "azerbaijan", "label": "Azerbaijan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "subutai", "label": "Subutai", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "volga", "label": "Volga", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kievan-rus", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 299, "year_label": "299 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Peace of Nisibis: Emperor Diocletian signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia, the Caucasus, and Upper Mesopotamia. The pro-Roman ruler Tiridates III receives all of Armenia as far as the border with Atropatene. Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267078871#Roman_Empire", "title": "299", "revid": 1267078871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian king Shapur II pushes the Huns back across the Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Persia", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 404, "year_label": "404 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641593#Religion", "title": "AD 404", "revid": 1367641593, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 505, "year_label": "505 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The white Huns (Hephthalites) from the Caucasus invade the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907851#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "505", "revid": 1364907851, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Justinian I signs a peace treaty, the \"Eternal Peace\", with the Persian king Khosrau I, ending the Iberian War (527-531). Both sides agree to return all occupied territories, and Justinian makes a one-off payment of 110 centenaria (11,000 pounds of gold), as a contribution to the defense of the Caucasus passes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 545, "year_label": "545 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrau I signs a five year truce with the Byzantine Empire, but war continues to ravage the Caucasus region, especially in Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799600#Persia", "title": "545", "revid": 1340799600, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 557, "year_label": "557 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800259#Europe", "title": "557", "revid": 1340800259, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Empress Sophia and Tiberius agree to a one year truce with the Persians, at the cost of 45,000 solidi. The truce applies only to the Mesopotamian front; in the Caucasus, war continues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Armenian bishop Kardutsat goes with 7 priests, on a missionary trip to the steppes north of the Caucasus. He succeeds in baptizing many Huns and in translating books into their language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Khosrau II is reinstalled as king of the Persian Empire. Peace with Constantinople is concluded after a war of almost 20 years. Maurice receives the Persian provinces of Armenia and Georgia. The recognition of the traditional frontiers, and the cessation of subsidies for the Caucasus forts, leaves the Byzantines in a dominant position in their relations with Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Persia", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine general Leo (future emperor Leo III) recovers the Abkhazia (Caucasus) for the Byzantine Empire, from the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars led by Hazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent by Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near the Volga River, which destroy what remains of the Khazar forces. The Umayyad Caliphate now has full control of the Caucasus after completely destroying the Khazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Asia", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 943, "year_label": "943 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Caspian expeditions of the Rus': The Rus' under the Varangian prince Igor I of Kiev sail up the Kura River, deep into the Caucasus, and defeat the forces of the Sallarid ruler Marzuban ibn Muhammad. They capture the fortress city of Barda (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916983#Europe", "title": "943", "revid": 1364916983, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kyiv, begins a 2-year campaign in which he will defeat Khazar forces along the Don River – vanquish the Ossetes and the Circassians in the northern Caucasus. He also successfully attacks the Bulgars on the Volga River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Europe", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1139, "year_label": "1139 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing great devastation and killing 300,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362158770#Asia", "title": "1139", "revid": 1362158770, "section": "Events › By region › Asia"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the Caucasus (consisting of Georgia and Armenia) under the command of Subutai and Jebe (\"the Arrow\"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King George IV of Georgia himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. Meanwhile in Bamyan, the ruler Genghis Khan leads a Mongol force that besieges and captures the fortified city after fierce resistance; during the fighting, his grandson Mutukan is killed, prompting a brutal massacre of the city’s defenders. The Mongols then return to Azerbaijan and Persia, and burn and pillage a few more cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are joined by Alan, Circassian, and Don Kipchak/Cuman forces. The Mongol army crosses the Caucasus Mountains, but is trapped in the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow) send an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the Caucasus region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › Other events, by place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus': The Mongols under Batu Khan continue their campaign across the Pontic Steppe. After devastating the Crimea and campaigning against the Circassians in the Caucasus, they turn towards the Kievan Rus'. In March, Pereyaslavl, capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl, is sacked by the Mongols.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – In a clash between a 50,000-man Persian Empire force and the Ottoman Empire for control of the Caucasus region in modern-day Russia, the Ottomans are routed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#April–June", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – A devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia and kills 80,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#October–December", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1837, "year_label": "1837 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tsar Nicholas I is the first reigning Russian monarch to tour the Caucuses region since Peter I, 115 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371628065#Events", "title": "1837 in Russia", "revid": 1371628065, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A detailed medical report was published by Dr. Frank Clemow documenting the cholera epidemic in the Caucasus region of Russia. The study analyzed how geography influenced the spread and severity of the outbreak, showing that the low-lying Northern Caucasus suffered more cases than the mountainous Southern Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358310893#Events", "title": "1893 in Russia", "revid": 1358310893, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – WWII: Operation Edelweiss: German forces (Gebirgsjäger) of the 1st Mountain Division place the Nazi swastika flag on the summit of Mount Elbrus, a prominent peak of the Caucasus at 5.629 meters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#August", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › August"}}]}