{"slug": "catherine-the-great", "label": "Catherine the Great", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36450", "qid": "Q36450", "description": "eighth Emperor of Russia, called the Great, r. 1762–1796 (lived 1729-1796)", "entries": 35, "years": 22, "span": [1728, 1796], "span_label": ["1728 CE", "1796 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Catherine II of Russia", "Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1757-1759)"], "related": [{"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "saint-petersburg", "label": "Saint Petersburg", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "russian-orthodox-church", "label": "Russian Orthodox Church", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-prussia", "label": "Kingdom of Prussia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "frederick-the-great", "label": "Frederick the Great", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "golden-horde", "label": "Golden Horde", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "crimean-khanate", "label": "Crimean Khanate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lutheranism", "label": "Lutheranism", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#Births", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Praskovya Bruce - Russian lady-in-waiting and noble, confidant of Catherine the Great (d. 1785)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364345527#Births", "title": "1729 in Russia", "revid": 1364345527, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Catherine the Great, born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, empress regnant of Russia (d. 1796)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#Births", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Yemelyan Pugachev was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks who led a great popular insurrection during the reign of Catherine the Great. (d. 1775)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363339861#Births", "title": "1742 in Russia", "revid": 1363339861, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – At the age of 15, Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Empress of Russia, is received into the Russian Orthodox Church after converting from the Lutheran faith. Upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox religion, she is given the name Yekaterina (Catherine). In 1762, she takes the throne as the Empress Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370823870#April–June", "title": "1744", "revid": 1370823870, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1744, "year_label": "1744 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 28", "text": "28 June - The future Catherine the Great, Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, fiancée of Peter III, the heir to the throne of Russia, converts to the Russian Orthodox Church and is received with the new name Catherine (Yekaterina or Ekaterina) and the (artificial) patronymic Алексеевна (Alekseyevna, daughter of Aleksey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943077#Events", "title": "1744 in Russia", "revid": 1330943077, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Catherine the Great, and the heir to the throne, Peter III of Russia get married.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345751379#Events", "title": "1745 in Russia", "revid": 1345751379, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1745, "year_label": "1745 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia, in Saint Petersburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353016128#July–September", "title": "1745", "revid": 1353016128, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330943025#Births", "title": "1757 in Russia", "revid": 1330943025, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Catherine II becomes empress of Russia after planning the overthrow of her husband, the Tsar Peter III. The incipient Russo-Prussian alliance falls apart, but Russia does not rejoin the war. Peter is strangled eight days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#July–September", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1762, "year_label": "1762 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Less than six months after becoming Russia's Empress, Catherine the Great announces that almost all foreigners are welcome to travel to and settle in Russia, and waives previous requirements that new residents must be members of the Russian Orthodox Church; however, the manifesto adds the phrase kromye Zhydov - \"except the Jews\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806393#October–December", "title": "1762", "revid": 1340806393, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Empress Catherine the Great of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#July–September", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for females in Russia – The Smolny Institute, for girls of the nobility in St. Petersburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#Date_unknown", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1764, "year_label": "1764 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – A mutual defense treaty between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia is signed in Saint Petersburg between representatives of Russia's Empress Catherine the Great and Prussia's King Frederick the Great. By agreement, each nation agrees (for an eight-year period) to commit 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 horses to the defense of the other in case of an attack, and secretly agree to maintain security within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363539304#January–June", "title": "1764", "revid": 1363539304, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Catherine the Great establishes the first secondary education school for non-noble females in Russia: the Novodevichii Institute, for the daughters of commoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#Date_unknown", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1765, "year_label": "1765 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – Russian Empress Catherine II issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce vodka (by freezing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373039097#July–December", "title": "1765", "revid": 1373039097, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Catherine the Great started educational reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1239967572#Events", "title": "1766 in Russia", "revid": 1239967572, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Catherine II founded assignation banks, paving the way for Russia’s first paper money.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352679674#Events", "title": "1768 in Russia", "revid": 1352679674, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1768, "year_label": "1768 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Catherine II was inoculated against smallpox, setting an example for her subjects and marking an important moment in Russian medical history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352679674#Events", "title": "1768 in Russia", "revid": 1352679674, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Moscow State Academy of Choreography was founded under the reign of Catherine II. It is the second ballet school in Russia after Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#October–December", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Catherine the Great decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#Date_unknown", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Catherine the Great of Russia issues a manifesto prohibiting freed serfs from being returned to serfdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#January–June", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1777, "year_label": "1777 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 7", "text": "7 June - Gustav III visits Catherine the Great in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334659387#Events", "title": "1777 in Sweden", "revid": 1334659387, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1780, "year_label": "1780 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Catherine II issues a Declaration of Armed Neutrality, leading to the founding of the First League of Armed Neutrality", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367236244#Events", "title": "1780 in Russia", "revid": 1367236244, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#April–June", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June - Gustav III has plans to conquer the Danish province of Norway, and meet with Catherine the Great in Finland in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade her to end the Russian-Danish alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367464709#Events", "title": "1783 in Sweden", "revid": 1367464709, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Alexander Lanskoy - favorite of Catherine the Great", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367236676#Deaths", "title": "1784 in Russia", "revid": 1367236676, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Praskovya Bruce - lady-in-waiting and confidant of Catherine the Great", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367236701#Deaths", "title": "1785 in Russia", "revid": 1367236701, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – The Empress Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for \"a coherent, unified system of administration\" for new governments organized in Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#April–June", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Fevey - premier of opera by Vasily Pashkevich with libretto by Catherine the Great", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367236726#Events", "title": "1786 in Russia", "revid": 1367236726, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1791, "year_label": "1791 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Pale of Settlement is established by ukase of Catherine the Great, specifying those areas of the Russian Empire in which Jews are permitted permanent residency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365416177#October–December", "title": "1791", "revid": 1365416177, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Catherine II, monarch (born 1729)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237437#Deaths", "title": "1796 in Russia", "revid": 1367237437, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September - The King visits the Imperial court of Catherine the Great in Saint Petersburg in Russia to be engaged to Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia. He discontinues the plans when told that she will not be required to convert to Lutheranism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370158568#Events", "title": "1796 in Sweden", "revid": 1370158568, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Empress Catherine the Great signs an agreement with Great Britain, formally joining Russia to the coalition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368676893#July–September", "title": "1796", "revid": 1368676893, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1796, "year_label": "1796 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – Empress Catherine II of Russia (b. 1729)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368676893#October–December", "title": "1796", "revid": 1368676893, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}]}