{"slug": "cardinal-richelieu", "label": "Cardinal Richelieu", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26702", "qid": "Q26702", "description": "French clergyman, cardinal, noble and statesman (1585-1642)", "entries": 28, "years": 15, "span": [1585, 1642], "span_label": ["1585 CE", "1642 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 12}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu"], "related": [{"slug": "louis-xiii", "label": "Louis XIII", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cardinal-mazarin", "label": "Cardinal Mazarin", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "prime-minister-of-france", "label": "Prime Minister of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "april", "label": "April", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "provence", "label": "Provence", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lyon", "label": "Lyon", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "decapitation", "label": "Decapitation", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-iv-of-spain", "label": "Philip IV of Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "normandy", "label": "Normandy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "habsburg-monarchy", "label": "Habsburg monarchy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "cardinal-catholic-church", "label": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman and 4th Prime Minister of France (d. 1642)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365931198#Births", "title": "1585", "revid": 1365931198, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1585, "year_label": "1585 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, Politician and 4th Prime Minister of France (d. 1642)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360664258#Births", "title": "1585 in France", "revid": 1360664258, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Richelieu is nominated Bishop of Luçon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736933#Events", "title": "1606 in France", "revid": 1353736933, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#November-December", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › November-December"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer established by Cardinal Richelieu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353736997#Events", "title": "1622 in France", "revid": 1353736997, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Armand Jean du Plessis becomes Cardinal Richelieu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the Conseil du Roi (Royal Council).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#April–June", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 29", "text": "29 April – Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the Conseil du Roi (Royal Council).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737006#Events", "title": "1624 in France", "revid": 1353737006, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII of France to be his chief minister, having intrigued against Charles de La Vieuville, Superintendent of Finances, arrested for corruption the previous day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#July–September", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 13", "text": "13 August – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII to be his chief minister, having intrigued against Charles de La Vieuville, Superintendent of Finances, arrested for corruption the previous day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737006#Events", "title": "1624 in France", "revid": 1353737006, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May", "text": "May-19 August: Chalais conspiracy: A group of illustrious nobles, including Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, Duchess of Chevreuse; Henri de Talleyrand-Périgord, comte de Chalais, First Gentleman of the Chamber and César de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, Governor of Brittany, with Gaston, Duke of Orléans and his governor Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano as the instigators, are plotting against the king and Cardinal Richelieu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737017#Events", "title": "1626 in France", "revid": 1353737017, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Huguenot rebellions: Montauban, one of the last Huguenot strongholds, surrenders without a fight to Richelieu's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#July–September", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 21", "text": "21 August – Huguenot rebellions: Montauban, one of the last Huguenot strongholds, surrenders without a fight to Richelieu's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737028#Events", "title": "1629 in France", "revid": 1353737028, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1630, "year_label": "1630 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – Day of the Dupes: Marie de' Medici attempts to oust Cardinal Richelieu from the French Court, but fails after two days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351974391#October–December", "title": "1630", "revid": 1351974391, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – Gaston, Duke of Orléans, breaks with Cardinal Richelieu and leaves the court.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737050#Events", "title": "1631 in France", "revid": 1353737050, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#January–March", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – In France, Cardinal Richelieu persuades King Louis XIII to issue an ordonnance excusing the French nobility from military service if they pay a tax which allows the hiring of paid cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#July–September", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 13", "text": "13 May – Cardinal Richelieu invents the table knife by ordering his staff to round the edges off all his knives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361801466#Events", "title": "1637 in France", "revid": 1361801466, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed between France and Sweden by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Queen Christina of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737116#Events", "title": "1638 in France", "revid": 1353737116, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#October–December", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes premier adviser to Cardinal Richelieu on the death of François Leclerc du Tremblay (Père Joseph).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737116#Events", "title": "1638 in France", "revid": 1353737116, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu suspends the États provinciaux of Provence after they refuse to register fiscal edicts. They are replaced by an Assemblée des communautés which brings together only representatives of the Third Estate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737126#Undated", "title": "1639 in France", "revid": 1353737126, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Polish prince John II Casimir Vasa, future king of Poland, accused of plotting with Spain against France, is imprisoned, by order of Cardinal Richelieu, in the dungeon of the citadel of Sisteron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737126#January–June", "title": "1639 in France", "revid": 1353737126, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April", "text": "April – Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, apostolic nuncio to Paris and adviser to Cardinal Richelieu, is naturalized French by letters patent; in December, he leaves the service of Rome to enter that of King Louis XIII of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#April–June", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Cardinal Richelieu has an equestrian statue of Louis XIII (sculpted by Pierre Biard le jeune with the horse by Daniele da Volterra) erected in the Place royale in Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737126#July–December", "title": "1639 in France", "revid": 1353737126, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – In Normandy, the revolt of the va-nu-pieds is crushed by the troops of French Army Colonel Jean de Gassion under orders of Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, with 300 of the rebels killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#October–December", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "11-12 June: Cinq-Mars conspiracy: Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, personal favourite of the king, and Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the king's brother, plot against Cardinal Richelieu, the prime minister. Cinq-Mars attempts to get support for the rebellion from Philip IV of Spain but Richelieu's spy service catches him doing so and he is imprisoned and beheaded in the Place des Terreaux in Lyon for high treason along with another conspirator, François Auguste de Thou.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353737170#Events", "title": "1642 in France", "revid": 1353737170, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1642, "year_label": "1642 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (b. 1585)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256188#Deaths", "title": "1642", "revid": 1350256188, "section": "Deaths"}}]}