{"slug": "british-empire", "label": "British Empire", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8680", "qid": "Q8680", "description": "overseas possessions of England and later the United Kingdom (1607–1997)", "entries": 44, "years": 33, "span": [1583, 1962], "span_label": ["1583 CE", "1962 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 19}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["British imperialism"], "related": [{"slug": "gregorian-calendar", "label": "Gregorian calendar", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "queen-victoria", "label": "Queen Victoria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "canada", "label": "Canada", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "maratha-empire", "label": "Maratha Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "istanbul", "label": "Istanbul", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "newfoundland-island", "label": "Newfoundland (island)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "st-john-s-newfoundland-and-labrador", "label": "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "east-india-company", "label": "East India Company", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "george-iv", "label": "George IV", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city of St. John's, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#July–September", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The British Empire (except Scotland, which had changed New Year's Day to January 1 in 1600) adopts today as the first day of the year as part of adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which is completed in September: today is the first day of the New Year under the terms of last year's Calendar Act of the British Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#January–March", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "1 January – the British Empire (except Scotland, which had changed New Year's Day to 1 January in 1600) adopts today as the first day of the year as part of adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which is completed in September: today is the first day of the New Year under the terms of last year's Calendar Act.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275835177#Events", "title": "1752 in Great Britain", "revid": 1275835177, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 of Julian calendar (Wednesday) (September 13 \"New Style\")– Great Britain and the British Empire use the Julian calendar for the last time and adopt the Gregorian calendar, making the next day Thursday, September 14 in the English-speaking world. A newspaper at the time notes the next day that \"Altho' we have more than once, for the Information of our Readers, publish'd some Accounts of the Alteration of the Style, which took Place this Day, agreeable to a late Act of Parliament, in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America\" and notes that \"The Supputation of the Year began on the first Day of January last, and for the future the first Day of that Month will be stiled the first Day of every Year in all Accounts whatsoever, which Supputation or Reckoning never took Place before this Year in any Courts of Law until the 25th Day of March\", and adds, \"This Day, had not this Act passed, would have been the 3rd of September, but is now reckoned the 14th, eleven nominal Days being omitted.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1761, "year_label": "1761 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – In India, the Siege of Pondicherry ends as the British Empire captures Pondichéry from the French colonial empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369831762#January–March", "title": "1761", "revid": 1369831762, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1786, "year_label": "1786 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Captain Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company, renaming it Prince of Wales Island in honour of the heir to the British throne, and establishing the settlement of George Town. This is the first colony of the British Empire in Southeast Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370552329#July–September", "title": "1786", "revid": 1370552329, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The Dutch Cape Colony capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the British Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#January–March", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The United Kingdom Slave Trade Act becomes law abolishing the slave trade in most of the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362733939#January–March", "title": "1807", "revid": 1362733939, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1807, "year_label": "1807 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March – The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing the slave trade throughout the British Empire with effect from 1 May (slavery itself is abolished in British colonies in 1833).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339989123#Events", "title": "1807 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1339989123, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "6 January – Treaty of Mandasor is signed between the British and the Marathas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326625531#Events", "title": "1818 in India", "revid": 1326625531, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – The Third Anglo-Maratha War which started in 1817 ends with the Marathas defeated by the British", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326625531#Events", "title": "1818 in India", "revid": 1326625531, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1833, "year_label": "1833 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – The British Slavery Abolition Act 1833, beginning the process of giving slaves in much of the British Empire their freedom, receives royal assent, with an effective date of August 1, 1834. A £20 million fund is established to compensate slaveowners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983797#July–September", "title": "1833", "revid": 1369983797, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Slavery is abolished in the British Empire, by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#July–September", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1838, "year_label": "1838 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Most former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships, giving them full emancipation under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360381946#July–September", "title": "1838", "revid": 1360381946, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Remaining former slaves in the British Empire are released from apprenticeships under terms of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360387586#July–September", "title": "1840", "revid": 1360387586, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Bhyrowal (1847): The British and Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu signed a treaty, establishing the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353783048#Events", "title": "1847 in India", "revid": 1353783048, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The AmaXhosa Resistance rejects British peace terms, but avoids direct warfare. The British then destroy homes, cattle, and crops to force a surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368952234#Events", "title": "1847 in South Africa", "revid": 1368952234, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Dalhousie, India, a hill station in Himachal Pradesh, was established by the British Empire's government in India as a summer retreat for its troops and officials", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359883111#Events", "title": "1854 in India", "revid": 1359883111, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "British Empire's Crimean War continues, British troops being withdrawn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349957397#Events", "title": "1855 in Canada", "revid": 1349957397, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1857, "year_label": "1857 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366379985#April–June", "title": "1857", "revid": 1366379985, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Lagos Treaty of Cession between the British Empire and Dosunmu, Oba of Lagos, by which the latter, under threat of military bombardment, cedes Lagos Island to Britain, whilst retaining his title and powers, subject to English law, and allowing the British Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron to have a base there to prevent the slave trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#August", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Canadian Confederation: The British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#July", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366156062#March", "title": "1885", "revid": 1366156062, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363052310#June", "title": "1887", "revid": 1363052310, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1887, "year_label": "1887 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The British Empire takes over Balochistan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363052310#October", "title": "1887", "revid": 1363052310, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1897, "year_label": "1897 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, marking the 60th year of her reign. No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until Victoria's great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II in 2012.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362850810#June", "title": "1897", "revid": 1362850810, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 4", "text": "4 January - Fire from a quarantined Indian made vessel gutted 300 homes and numerous British owned factories in Fort Kochi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1246830432#Events", "title": "1899 in India", "revid": 1246830432, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 3", "text": "3 November – Postmaster-General James Drake opens a submarine telegraph cable from Southport, Queensland to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, completing a British Empire communications line.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284883714#Events", "title": "1902 in Australia", "revid": 1284883714, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1903, "year_label": "1903 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Britain take over the Fulani Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373319317#July", "title": "1903", "revid": 1373319317, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa, Tibet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#August", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363310219#January_to_June", "title": "1914 in Canada", "revid": 1363310219, "section": "Events › January to June"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that has been stored and cooled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#January", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, part of the British Empire, is established in modern-day Tuvalu and Kiribati.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#January", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1–November 18 – WWI: Battle of the Somme, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and Lochnagar mines and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470 British Empire casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#July", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – The first Remembrance Day is observed in the British Empire with a two-minute silence at 11:00 hours.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#November", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15–16 – Constantinople is occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the Turkish National Movement. Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#March", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January", "text": "January – The year begins with the British Empire at the largest extent of any empire in history, covering one-quarter of the world (33 million square miles) and ruling over one in four people on earth, a population of 423 million people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365198561#Events", "title": "1922 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1365198561, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic international wireless telegraphy network created to link the British Empire, is opened, from the UK to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#April", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – The Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942, to help establish a military and political alliance between the USSR and the British Empire, is signed in London by foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#May", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Muslim majority regions formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire as the Dominion of Pakistan. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because the Pakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#August", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 18", "text": "18 August: The Nawab of Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III, ruler of the Princely state of Junagadh, a former British Protectorate since 1807 and the other small states of Bantva, Manavadar and Sardargadh, were also former British Protectorates since 1818 of the Kathiawar Peninsula despite an overall Hindu majority of the population all acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan, this was influenced by Shah Nawaz Bhutto the Dewan of the state. In response, the Dominion of India claimed that the accession was invalid, since the states were surrounded by India and demanded a plebiscite on the future of Junagadh and Manavadar (princely state). Pakistan agreed, on condition that votes also be held in Hyderabad State and Kashmir and Jammu; India rejected this proposal and also refused to allow the Government of Pakistan any role in administering a plebiscite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1285038217#August", "title": "1947 in Pakistan", "revid": 1285038217, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The former British colony of Newfoundland joins Canada, as its 10th province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#March", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Caribbean island nation of Trinidad and Tobago becomes fully independent of the United Kingdom's British Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#August", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › August"}}]}