{"slug": "bologna", "label": "Bologna", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891", "qid": "Q1891", "description": "city and commune in Emilia-Romagna, Italy", "entries": 38, "years": 36, "span": [-533, 1980], "span_label": ["534 BCE", "1980 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 13}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "palermo", "label": "Palermo", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "po-river", "label": "Po (river)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-milan", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "francis-i-of-france", "label": "Francis I of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-leo-x", "label": "Pope Leo X", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "swabia", "label": "Swabia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "republic-of-florence", "label": "Republic of Florence", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -533, "year_label": "534 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Etruscan founded the city of Felsina, that later will become the modern city of Bologna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342714582#Europe", "title": "534 BC", "revid": 1342714582, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate (see lex Titia). To cement their reconciliation Octavian agrees to marry Claudia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take \"Classis\", the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Europe", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arnulf of Carinthia crosses the Po River and divides his army in two: one corps (Swabian) proceeds to Florence (via Bologna), while the other corps (Franks) moves through the Lunigiana to the precincts of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1119, "year_label": "1119 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Two Towers in Bologna are completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361127585#Technology", "title": "1119", "revid": 1361127585, "section": "Events › By topic › Technology"}}, {"year": 1151, "year_label": "1151 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Confronted with internal strife, the commune of Bologna is the first Italian republic to turn to the rule of a podestà, Guido di Ranieri da Sasso (it ends in 1155).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368252433#Events", "title": "1151", "revid": 1368252433, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Battle of Fossalta: King Enzo of Sardinia, an illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II, is captured and imprisoned by Lombard forces, in a clash between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Enzo is put in golden chains and paraded around Bologna on a horse. He becomes a prisoner in a palace, named Palazzo Re Enzo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – In Bologna, slavery and serfdom are abolished; this event is recorded in the document called Liber Paradisus (or Heaven Book).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Religion", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Technology", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By topic › Technology"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Archbishop Cassone della Torre of Milan is exiled to Bologna by his cousin Guido, who is later excommunicated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#October_–_December", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – In Italy, Francesco I Pico, Lord of Mirandola, is captured at Baggiovara by Guelph rebels in Bologna, while on his way home to Mirandola after being invested by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VII as imperial vicar. Pico is imprisoned for the next nine months before being released to resume his Lordship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#July_–_September", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1325, "year_label": "1325 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – War of the Bucket: At the Battle of Zappolino in northern Italy, the 7,000-man Ghibelline forces backed by the Holy Roman Empire defeat the much stronger (32,000-men) Guelph army under sent by Pope John XXII near Bologna. After the battle, Ghibelline influence in the region is consolidated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366485647#October_–_December", "title": "1325", "revid": 1366485647, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – Pope Gregory XI agrees to acknowledge the right of existence of the Bolognese Republic as autonomous within, and separate from, the other Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#July–September", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Construction begins on San Petronio Basilica in Bologna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#April–June", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence. He dies from a fever less than three months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Braccio da Montone is awarded Governorship of Bologna by Pope Martin V in recognition of his ouster of Antongaleazzo Bentivoglio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#January–March", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – In Italy, a group of about 100 Romani people, described as \"Gypsies\" arrive in Bologna with a stated intention of traveling to Rome to meet the Pope. Their leader, calling himself \"Duke Andrea\", shows to local officials a decree allegedly signed by the King of Hungary that is said to grant them the right to commit robberies \"without penalty or penance\" wherever they travel, as a reward for 4,000 gypsies being re-baptized into the Christian faith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#July–September", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Annibale I Bentivoglio, the ruler of the semi-independent Lordship of Bologna since 1443, is assassinated by the rival Canneschi family, with the support of Pope Eugene IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#April–June", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – In Italy, Sante Bentivoglio, who had recently been \"working in the wool industry in Florence under another name\" becomes the ruler of Bologna at age 20 when he is named as guardian of the young child of the recently-assassinated Annibale I Bentivoglio", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1467, "year_label": "1467 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – In one of the largest battles of the 15th century in Italy, the Battle of Molinella is fought along the Idice River near Bologna by the army of the Republic of Venice against the armies of the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan. The battle marks the first extensive use of artillery and firearms in combat in Italy, and while relatively few of the 27,000 troops from both sides sustain casualties (500 dead, 1,000 wounded) the battle is notable for the killing of almost 1,000 horses. Although both sides withdraw, the Venetian General Bartolomeo Colleoni abandons further attempts to conquer Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890331#July–September", "title": "1467", "revid": 1352890331, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – (5 Adar 5242) The first printing of the Torah by movable type, in the original Hebrew language, is made in Bologna, marking the first use of the Hebrew alphabet rather than the Roman alphabet in printing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#January–March", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – Pope Julius II issues a bull excommunicating Giovanni II Bentivoglio from the Roman Catholic Church, who had dominated the Italian city state of Bologna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#October–December", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – Pope Julius II personally leads his troops into Bologna, retaking the city from the excommunicated tyrant Giovanni II Bentivoglio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#October–December", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – French troops capture the Italian city of Bologna after a two-day battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#April–June", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – King Francis I of France, victorious in the battle of Marignano in Italy and the new ruler of Milan, begins four days of meetings in Bologna with Pope Leo X. King Francis agrees to ensure the Pope's authority over the Catholic Church in France, and Leo promises to support Francis' claim to the throne of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#October–December", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – After two months in Bologna, part of the Papal States in Italy, Pope Leo X concludes two months of negotiation with King François I of France. Their talks result in the abrogation of the French Pragmatic Sanction, and the conclusion of a new Concordat between the Papacy and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#January–March", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#Date_unknown", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna, inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – Pope Julius III issues a papal brief revoking resolutions passed by the colegii Papal State of Bologna in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#October–December", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Italian artist Guido Reni's famous Pietà, commissioned by the Senate of Bologna, is placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Pietà.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#November-December", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › November-December"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Maria Dalle Donne, Bolognese physician (b. 1778)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#January–June", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Deaths › January–June"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Murder of Emanuele Notarbartolo, former mayor of Palermo and former director general of the Banco di Sicilia by the Sicilian Mafia. Raffaele Palizzolo, a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, was regarded as the mastermind of the assassination. The series of trials over the following decade split Sicilian society in two and astonished public opinion. The conviction of Palizzolo in August 1902, would be hailed as a big blow against the Mafia. The Assize Court in Bologna convicted Palizzolo and two others to 30 years of imprisonment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360738951#February", "title": "1893 in Italy", "revid": 1360738951, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1902, "year_label": "1902 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The conviction of the former Deputy from Palermo, Raffaele Palizzolo, for the murder in 1893 of Emanuele Notarbartolo, former mayor of Palermo and former director general of the Banco di Sicilia, is hailed as a big blow against the Sicilian Mafia. The Assize Court in Bologna convicted Palizzolo and two others to 30 years of imprisonment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311684169#August", "title": "1902 in Italy", "revid": 1311684169, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8–11 – At the Eighth Congress of the Italian Socialist Party in Bologna the revolutionary syndicalists led by Arturo Labriola and Enrico Ferri's left centre together win a clear majority, ending the cautious rapprochement of the reformist leader Filippo Turati with Giolitti to advance social reforms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311690342#April", "title": "1904 in Italy", "revid": 1311690342, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Food riots and strikes in Romagna and Bologna spread to other cities like Milan, Genoa, Livorno, Pisa, Florence, Palermo and others, with several people dead. Shopkeepers reduce food prices; sometimes to as much as 50 to 70 per cent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321604886#July", "title": "1919 in Italy", "revid": 1321604886, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – The Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, an international opinion tribunal, is founded in Bologna at the initiative of Senator Lelio Basso.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#June", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 27", "text": "27 June – Ustica Massacre: Itavia Flight 870 crashes into the Tyrrhenian Sea mid-flight from Bologna to Palermo, killing all 81 people on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648749#Events", "title": "1980 in Italy", "revid": 1372648749, "section": "Events"}}]}