{"slug": "berlin", "label": "Berlin", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64", "qid": "Q64", "description": "federated state, capital and largest city of Germany", "entries": 35, "years": 30, "span": [-174, 2016], "span_label": ["175 BCE", "2016 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Berlin, Germany"], "related": [{"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "pergamon", "label": "Pergamon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "seven-years-war", "label": "Seven Years' War", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "prussia", "label": "Prussia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "frederick-william-i-of-prussia", "label": "Frederick William I of Prussia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philippines", "label": "Philippines", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "west-germany", "label": "West Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "east-germany", "label": "East Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "western-europe", "label": "Western Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "eastern-europe", "label": "Eastern Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "berlin-wall", "label": "Berlin Wall", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -174, "year_label": "175 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey, begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361124288#Art", "title": "175 BC", "revid": 1361124288, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Art", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 1326, "year_label": "1326 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – The Raid on Brandenburg by King Władysław of Poland is completed with the looting and destruction by Lithuanian troops of the cities of Berlin and Frankfurt (Oder) and the area between them, and the capture of 6,000 German prisoners of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367237136#January_–_March", "title": "1326", "revid": 1367237136, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1359, "year_label": "1359 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297602879#Date_unknown", "title": "1359", "revid": 1297602879, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – In Berlin, Johann von Hohenzollern becomes the new Elector of Brandenburg, the independent Electorate within the Holy Roman Empire, upon the death of his father, the Elector Albrecht III Achilles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#January–March", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – In Berlin, John George, Elector of Brandenburg, orders the founding of the Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, which remains 450 years later as one of the most prestigious preparatory schools in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#July–September", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – In Berlin, Joachim Frederich of the House of Hohenzollern becomes the new Elector of Brandenburg upon the death of his father, Johann Georg von Brandenburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#January–March", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Jewish families settle in Berlin, moving from Vienna at the invitation of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#Undated", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The royal wedding of Prussia takes place in Berlin between the 18-year-old Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm and his bride Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, the 19-year-old daughter of the future King George I of Great Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#October–December", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – In Prussia, Cölln is merged with Alt-Berlin by Frederick I to form Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#January–March", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – The world-famous Charité Hospital is established in Berlin, to be used for research and to help the poor. Prussia's King Frederick William I had ordered the conversion of a 16-year old institution, originally built in anticipation of an epidemic of the bubonic plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – The foundation stone of the Jerusalem's Church in Berlin is laid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#October–December", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Seven Years' War: Raid on Berlin – Hungarian raiders (3,400 horseman) under Count András Hadik plunder Berlin. He demands that the city council pay a ransom of 200,000 thalers and a dozen pairs of gloves for Empress Maria Theresa. The Hungarians leave the Prussian capital after they received messages about a Prussian relief force under Prince Dietrich von Anhalt-Dessau, marching towards Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#October–December", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Seven Years' War: Russian troops enter Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#October–December", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 25", "text": "25 November – Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappears (having possibly been murdered) in Perleberg, west of Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311766829#Events", "title": "1809 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1311766829, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Neue Wache, a listed building on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. Erected from 1816 to 1818.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360312184#Events", "title": "1816 in Germany", "revid": 1360312184, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – At a Berlin barricade, fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the German revolutions of 1848–49. As a result, King Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to appoint a liberal government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#January–March", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – The world's first regular electric tram service is started near Berlin, by Siemens & Halske.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#May", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – The Elektromote, the world's first trolleybus, begins operation in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#April", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 29", "text": "29 April – the Electromote was the world's first vehicle run like a trolleybus, which was first presented to the public on April 29, 1882, by its inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens in Halensee, a suburb of Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359186335#Events", "title": "1882 in Germany", "revid": 1359186335, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – The worldwide insurance and financial service brand Allianz is founded in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#February", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – In Berlin, Felix Hoffmann patents Aspirin and Bayer registers its name as a trademark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#March", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 14", "text": "December 14 – History of quantum mechanics: Max Planck presents his groundbreaking paper on quantum theory to the German Physical Society in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#December", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 14", "text": "14 December – On a date now considered to be the birthday of quantum mechanics, Max Planck presents his paper Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung in Normalspektrum (On the Theory of the Law of Energy Distribution in Normal Spectrum) at a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348714021#Science", "title": "1900 in Germany", "revid": 1348714021, "section": "Science"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens in Berlin for the display of fine art.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#October", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Proclamation of the republic in Germany by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#November", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1931, "year_label": "1931 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck: Two Berlin police officers are killed by Communists.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310518#August", "title": "1931", "revid": 1371310518, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "1–16 August: Bolivia competes in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320474027#Events", "title": "1936 in Bolivia", "revid": 1320474027, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1–August 16 – Japan competes at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Japan wins six gold medals, four silvers, and eight Bronze.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366308711#Events", "title": "1936 in Japan", "revid": 1366308711, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1-16 – The Philippines competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. 28 competitors, all men, take part in 20 events in 6 sports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371898876#August", "title": "1936 in the Philippines", "revid": 1371898876, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 18", "text": "18 November – World War II: The Royal Air Force opens its bombing campaign against Berlin, with 440 planes causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373073497#Events", "title": "1943 in Germany", "revid": 1373073497, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Berlin Crisis of 1961: Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin, and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe (until 1989, when Berlin and Germany both reunified in 1990, following the Fall of the Berlin Wall). On August 22 Ida Siekmann jumps from a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the first of at least 138 deaths at the Wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#August", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – In Berlin, Red Army Faction members rob three banks, with loot totaling over DM 200,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#September", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 - Berlin city-state officials say that a police investigation has traced vehicles stolen in recent years in Germany to Tajikistan, some 3,500 mi away. German authorities alleged that relatives and other people close to Tajikistan's president are driving stolen luxury cars from Germany, as a long-running criminal probe escalated into a diplomatic spat between two countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273754700#December", "title": "2013 in Tajikistan", "revid": 1273754700, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Berlin truck attack: A truck is deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at Breitscheidplatz in Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 others injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#December", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › December"}}]}