{"slug": "benjamin-franklin", "label": "Benjamin Franklin", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34969", "qid": "Q34969", "description": "American polymath and statesman (1706–1790)", "entries": 37, "years": 25, "span": [1706, 1790], "span_label": ["1706 CE", "1790 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "philadelphia", "label": "Philadelphia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "american-revolution", "label": "American Revolution", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "university-of-pennsylvania", "label": "University of Pennsylvania", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "prime-minister-of-the-united-kingdom", "label": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "whigs-british-political-party", "label": "Whigs (British political party)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "june", "label": "June", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "boston", "label": "Boston", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jesuits", "label": "Jesuits", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American inventor and Founding Father (d. 1790)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#January–March", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Births › January–March"}}, {"year": 1722, "year_label": "1722 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – The first Silence Dogood letter, written by Benjamin Franklin, is printed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128046#April–June", "title": "1722", "revid": 1365128046, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Benjamin Franklin, aged 23, writes the essay \"A Modest Enquiry Into the Nature and Necessity of Paper Currency\" and later applies the economic principles to backing of paper money used in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#April–June", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The first documented notice in North America about freemasonry is published in The Pennsylvania Gazette in an article by its publisher, Benjamin Franklin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#October–December", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Benjamin Franklin, in the Pennsylvania Gazette, first advertises the publication of Poor Richard's Almanack, purportedly written by \"Richard Saunders\", a pen name used by Franklin. The book goes on sale on December 28. The annual publication will continue until 1758.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#October–December", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1736, "year_label": "1736 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Benjamin Franklin builds the first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559528#October–December", "title": "1736", "revid": 1360559528, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin Franklin creates the Philadelphia Police Force – the first city-paid force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#Date_unknown", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – Benjamin Franklin's view of a lunar eclipse from Philadelphia is spoiled by a rainstorm; several days later, he learns that residents of Boston received the same storm hours after the eclipse, demonstrating that weather moves from west to east.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#October–December", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Benjamin Franklin forms the Pennsylvania Associators, the first militia in the colony of Pennsylvania, which had no standing militia because of its foundation by pacifistic Quakers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#October–December", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1749, "year_label": "1749 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December", "text": "December - Benjamin Franklin notes that printer Hugh Meredith owes him money.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360188680#Events", "title": "1749 in Wales", "revid": 1360188680, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – The University of Pennsylvania, conceived 12 years earlier by Benjamin Franklin and its other trustees to provide non-denominational higher education \"to train young people for leadership in business, government and public service\". rather than for the ministry, holds its first classes as \"The Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania\" in Philadelphia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#January–March", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Pennsylvania Hospital, first hospital in the American colonies, is chartered in Philadelphia by the Pennsylvania legislature, which grants the right to Benjamin Franklin and to Dr. Thomas Bond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#April–June", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Academy and College of Philadelphia, predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, opens its doors, with Benjamin Franklin as president.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#July–September", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – The oldest property insurance company in the United States, \"Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire\", holds its organizational meeting at the courthouse in Philadelphia to elect a board of directors, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. Franklin's newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, has been advertising the meeting since February 18, with a notice that \"All persons inclined to subscribe to the articles of insurance of houses from fire, in or near this city, are desired to appear at the Court-house, where attendance will be given, to take in their subscriptions, every seventh day of the week, in the afternoon, until the 13th of April next, being the day appointed by the said articles for electing twelve directors and a treasurer.\" The property insurance company is still in existence more than 250 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – At Marly-la-Ville in France, physicist Thomas-François Dalibard successfully conducts the kite experiment proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1750 book Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Benjamin Franklin reportedly carries out his famous kite experiment, duplicating experiments that show that lightning and electricity are the same. According to Franklin, lightning strikes the kite that he is flying during a thunderstorm and produces sparks identical to what he has previously generated artificially in a Leyden jar. However, the report of his experiment is not made until October 19, in Franklin's newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, leading 20th century researchers to doubt that he conducted the experiment, if at all, until sometime after September 28, when he had written in the Gazette about other such experiments, and that he was making a claim that he had conceived the experiment independently.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1753, "year_label": "1753 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Russian scientist Georg Richmann becomes the first person to be electrocuted by his own equipment after he uses an insulated, but improperly grounded, lightning rod in an attempt to gather data on a thunderstorm. Richmann also becomes the first victim of ball lightning during his scientific experiment, in an attempt to replicate the experiments of American Benjamin Franklin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362641691#July–September", "title": "1753", "revid": 1362641691, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "France sends 3,000 regulars to Canada. Fort Duquesne is built. Benjamin Franklin says the British Colonies will have no peace while France holds Canada. Ango-French competition in the Ohio Valley sparks conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349953871#Events", "title": "1754 in Canada", "revid": 1349953871, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – The Albany Plan of Union is given official approval by the delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, with Connecticut opposing. The plan approved at the meeting in Albany, New York is based on Benjamin Franklin's suggestions of \"a general union of the British colonies on the continent\" for a common defense policy. As amended at the assembly, the proposed union calls for the British Parliament to approve the arrangement, which would encompass all of the British North American colonies except for Georgia and Nova Scotia. The plan, to be considered by the individual colonies for ratification, provides for an inter-colonial legislature (the Grand Council) composed of between two and seven representatives for each colony, depending on population. It also provides for a \"President General\" who can veto Grand Council legislation, a common defense budget with colonies contributing proportionately to their representation, and an inter-colonial army whose officers would be selected by the Grand Council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#July–September", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1759, "year_label": "1759 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Benjamin Franklin visits Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362254138#Events", "title": "1759 in Scotland", "revid": 1362254138, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February", "text": "February – American Revolution: Parliament repeals the Stamp Act which is very unpopular in the British colonies. The persuasion of Benjamin Franklin is considered partly responsible.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374050808#Events", "title": "1766 in Great Britain", "revid": 1374050808, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – John Mills is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, with Benjamin Franklin as one of his sponsors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358061260#January–March", "title": "1766", "revid": 1358061260, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1766, "year_label": "1766 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, which has been very unpopular in the British colonies; the persuasion of Benjamin Franklin is considered partly responsible. The Declaratory Act asserts the right of Britain to bind the colonies in all other respects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358061260#January–March", "title": "1766", "revid": 1358061260, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – The Public Advertiser publishes a satirical essay titled Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One, written by Benjamin Franklin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#July–September", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – The Second Continental Congress appoints Benjamin Franklin to be the first Postmaster General of what later becomes the United States Post Office Department.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#July–December", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Rev. John Carroll, a Jesuit, urge Canadians to send delegates to Congress, promising toleration. Franklin brings a printer and press, for a newspaper, to mould public opinion. Canadians regard Franklin as an enemy, and the priests remind Father Carroll that, unlike some of the Provinces, Britain tolerates the Romish Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349954732#Events", "title": "1776 in Canada", "revid": 1349954732, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1776, "year_label": "1776 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – American Revolution: United States Declaration of Independence – The Continental Congress approves the declaration by the United States of its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. The text was drafted during June by Benjamin Franklin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365773863#July–August", "title": "1776", "revid": 1365773863, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – After a second petition for partition from its residents, the North Carolina General Assembly abolishes Bute County, North Carolina (established 1764) by dividing it and naming the northern portion Warren County (for Revolutionary War hero Joseph Warren), the southern portion Franklin County (for Benjamin Franklin). The General Assembly also establishes Warrenton (also named for Joseph Warren) to be the seat of Warren County, and Louisburg (named for Louis XVI of France) to be the seat of Franklin County.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#January–March", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1781, "year_label": "1781 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Meeting in Paris, Benjamin Franklin invites Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova to become the first woman member of the American Philosophical Society.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278586867#Undated", "title": "1781 in the United States", "revid": 1278586867, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "27 March – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, becomes Prime Minister for the second time. His new Whig administration opens peace talks with the Americans, with Thomas Grenville being sent to Paris to negotiate with Benjamin Franklin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363776945#Events", "title": "1782 in Great Britain", "revid": 1363776945, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#Date_unknown", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#Date_unknown", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Benjamin Franklin receives a patent for bifocals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#April–June", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#July–September", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Benjamin Franklin takes office as the new President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania, at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#October–December", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman (b. 1706)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361336081#Deaths", "title": "1790", "revid": 1361336081, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1790, "year_label": "1790 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Benjamin Franklin, publisher, inventor, congressman, ambassador, abolitionist and American icon (born 1706)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326580277#Deaths", "title": "1790 in the United States", "revid": 1326580277, "section": "Deaths"}}]}