{"slug": "benito-mussolini", "label": "Benito Mussolini", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23559", "qid": "Q23559", "description": "dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1945", "entries": 23, "years": 16, "span": [1883, 1945], "span_label": ["1883 CE", "1945 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "milan", "label": "Milan", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "prime-minister-of-italy", "label": "Prime Minister of Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ethiopia", "label": "Ethiopia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "eritrea", "label": "Eritrea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "world-war-ii", "label": "World War II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "march", "label": "March", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "adolf-hitler", "label": "Adolf Hitler", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vatican-city", "label": "Vatican City", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-pius-xi", "label": "Pope Pius XI", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pierre-laval", "label": "Pierre Laval", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1883, "year_label": "1883 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy (d. 1945)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366127181#July–August", "title": "1883", "revid": 1366127181, "section": "Births › July–August"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – The 11th National Congress of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) is held in Milan, dominated by the conflict between the reformist wing and the intransigent wing of the left. Leonida Bissolati and Ivanoe Bonomi attack Filippo Turati from the right, while Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani and Gaetano Salvemini criticize from the left. At the far left is Benito Mussolini who is participating for the first time at the national party congress.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371061586#October", "title": "1910 in Italy", "revid": 1371061586, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#November", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Benito Mussolini founds his Italian Fascist political movement in Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#March", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October", "text": "26–28 October – March on Rome, led by Italo Balbo, Michele Bianchi, Emilio De Bono and Cesare Maria De Vecchi (Quadrumviri del Fascismo). Fascist blackshirts converge on Rome from various regions of Italy, occupying prefectures and railway stations. Mussolini is in Milan, where he negotiates at a distance with the king and the government. Civilian authorities hand over power to the military authorities. King Victor Emmanuel III announces his intention to appoint Fascist leader Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy and refuses to sign a state of siege, proposed by Prime Minister Facta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286232381#October", "title": "1922 in Italy", "revid": 1286232381, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – In Italy, the March on Rome brings the National Fascist Party and Benito Mussolini to power. Italy begins a period of dictatorship that lasts until the end of the Second World War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#October", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1925, "year_label": "1925 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies which will be regarded by historians as the beginning of his dictatorship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367485783#January", "title": "1925", "revid": 1367485783, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#April", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "7 April – Fascist leader Benito Mussolini survives an attempt on his life by the Irishwoman Violet Gibson.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349133557#Events", "title": "1926 in Italy", "revid": 1349133557, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 11", "text": "11 April – Partial mobilization as a precaution after a speech of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358744809#Events", "title": "1926 in Turkey", "revid": 1358744809, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372527586#April", "title": "1928", "revid": 1372527586, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 12", "text": "12 April – A bomb, directed against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, kills 18 people at the Milan Trade Fair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296098515#Events", "title": "1928 in Italy", "revid": 1296098515, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1932, "year_label": "1932 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370718676#February", "title": "1932", "revid": 1370718676, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#May–June", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1935, "year_label": "1935 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370722923#January", "title": "1935", "revid": 1370722923, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1936, "year_label": "1936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Speaking in Rome, Benito Mussolini announces the foundation of the empire, as Italian East Africa is formed from the Italian territories of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373216494#May–June", "title": "1936", "revid": 1373216494, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III, as First Marshal of the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#March", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 30", "text": "30 March – Prime minister Benito Mussolini is granted the same level of power over the Italian military as that of King Victor Emmanuel III, taking the title First Marshal of the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1297625494#Events", "title": "1938 in Italy", "revid": 1297625494, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, order \"spontaneous\" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#November", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – The German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication with the outside world, in accordance with the plan for Fall Weiß. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones Fall Weiß for 5 days, after receiving a message from Benito Mussolini that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because Chamberlain's government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack various targets along the border. This same day, Neville Chamberlain gives Edward Rydz-Śmigły his \"ironclad guarantee\" of assistance if Poland is attacked by Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#August", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Benito Mussolini, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism withdraws its support. \"Il Duce\" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#July", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The bodies of Benito Mussolini, his mistress, Clara Petacci, and other followers are hung by their heels at a gas station in the public square of Milan, Piazzale Loreto, following their execution by Italian partisans after an attempt to flee the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Benito Mussolini, Italian politician, journalist, 27th Prime Minister of Italy and Duce of Fascism (b. 1883)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#April", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Deaths › April"}}]}