{"slug": "belarus", "label": "Belarus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184", "qid": "Q184", "description": "country in Eastern Europe", "entries": 23, "years": 18, "span": [800, 2023], "span_label": ["800 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "russia", "label": "Russia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "ukraine", "label": "Ukraine", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kievan-rus", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "khazars", "label": "Khazars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "taiwan", "label": "Taiwan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vladimir-putin", "label": "Vladimir Putin", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "president-of-russia", "label": "President of Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lithuania", "label": "Lithuania", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Rus' Khaganate is created by people who are called Rus', after the 182-year dominance of the Khazars. This is the starting period of the rise of the Kievan Rus', and the later states of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Europe", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Minsk and Orsha are first mentioned in the chronicles, making them two of the oldest cities in Belarus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Europe", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Tower of Kamyenyets (or the White Tower) in Belarus begins. Later, it becomes a frontier stronghold on the northern border of Volhynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Europe", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – During the Glinski rebellion, Lithuanian noble Mykolas Glinskis attacks Grodno (now in Belarus) and decapitates Jan Zabrzeziński, the top ally of Grand Duke Alexander.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#January–March", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – Livonian War: In what is now Belarus, the city of Polotsk falls to the forces of Stephen Báthory, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#July–September", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Ukrainian Cossack troops under the command of Mykhailo Krychevsky and Stepan Pobodailo are overwhelmed in the Battle of Loyew (in what is now Belarus) by a smaller force of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth soldiers led by Lithuania's Janusz Radziwiłł, with the Cossacks losing more than 3,000 fighters. Krychevsky is mortally wounded and dies on August 3.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#July–September", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Great Northern War – Battle of Grodno: A coalition of 34,000 Swedish and Polish troops besieges the then-Lithuanian city in the winter time, and clashes with 41,000 Russian and Saxon troops. After almost three months of fighting that lasts to April 10, Sweden takes control of the city, which is now located in Belarus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#January–March", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Bishop Bogusław Gosiewski sells the town of Maladzyechna in the Minsk Region of Belarus to the mighty Ogiński family.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#July–September", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#January", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Operation Bagration: A general attack by Soviet forces clears the German forces from Belarus, resulting in the destruction of German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#June", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4–12. Major Soviet military exercise Zapad’81 (West’81) takes place in Belarus and the Baltic States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372625983#September", "title": "1981 in Poland", "revid": 1372625983, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: A mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union \"killed at least 4,056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property\". Radioactive fallout from the accident is concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people are forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, \"traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#April", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#December", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine sign an agreement officially ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356271564#Events", "title": "1991 in Ukraine", "revid": 1356271564, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8: Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia-Belarus energy dispute escalates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349813290#January", "title": "2007 in Belarus", "revid": 1349813290, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25: U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs David Kramer, speaking on behalf of the U.S. government, offers to normalize relations with Belarus if it releases imprisoned politicians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349813290#April", "title": "2007 in Belarus", "revid": 1349813290, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1: Russia's gas exports monopoly Gazprom will almost halve supplies to Belarus from August 3 after failing to reach a deal with Minsk over a $456 million energy debt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349813290#August", "title": "2007 in Belarus", "revid": 1349813290, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2014, "year_label": "2014 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 10", "text": "10 November - An employee at the Lithuanian state air navigation company was charged with espionage. He was suspected of spying on civilian and military air operations on behalf of Belarus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299962634#November", "title": "2014 in Lithuania", "revid": 1299962634, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Ryanair Flight 4978 is forced to land by Belarusian authorities to detain dissident journalist Roman Protasevich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#May", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 1", "text": "1 June – Taiwan imposes an export ban of all modern computer chips to Russia and Belarus, as well as any technology and equipment used to manufacture them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339194654#June", "title": "2022 in Belarus", "revid": 1339194654, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 23", "text": "23 June – U.S. sportswear retailer Nike and networking firm Cisco announce that they are permanently ending their operations in Russia and Belarus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339194654#June", "title": "2022 in Belarus", "revid": 1339194654, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "October 19", "text": "19 October – Belarus says that it is unable to pay off its debt because of international sanctions imposed due to its role in the Russo-Ukrainian War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339194654#October", "title": "2022 in Belarus", "revid": 1339194654, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 25", "text": "25 March: Russian President Vladimir Putin announces that Russia will station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus by July. The nuclear missiles will be operated by Russian forces. It will be the first time that Russian nuclear weapons have been deployed abroad since 1996.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1241640612#Events", "title": "2023 in Belarus", "revid": 1241640612, "section": "Events"}}]}