{"slug": "beijing", "label": "Beijing", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q956", "qid": "Q956", "description": "capital city of China", "entries": 86, "years": 78, "span": [-159, 2025], "span_label": ["160 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 31}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 13}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 12}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 8}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Beijing, China", "Peking"], "related": [{"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "yongle-emperor", "label": "Yongle Emperor", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "ming-dynasty", "label": "Ming dynasty", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "nanjing", "label": "Nanjing", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "grand-canal-china", "label": "Grand Canal (China)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "genghis-khan", "label": "Genghis Khan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kublai-khan", "label": "Kublai Khan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "forbidden-city", "label": "Forbidden City", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "liao-dynasty", "label": "Liao dynasty", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "emperor-yingzong-of-ming", "label": "Emperor Yingzong of Ming", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mongol-empire", "label": "Mongol Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jin-dynasty-11151234", "label": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -159, "year_label": "160 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "A Painted banner, from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai, of the Han dynasty, in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, is made (approximate date). It is nowadays preserved at the Historical museum in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266100355#China", "title": "160 BC", "revid": 1266100355, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Yángdi completes the Grand Canal; it provides an unbroken inland ship transport between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The canal network is 1,776 km (1,400 miles) long—linking five river systems—and extends from Beijing to the city of Hangzhou.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Asia", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 755, "year_label": "755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – General An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty (China). His army surges down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing), and moves rapidly along the Grand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sends Feng Changqing, governor of Fanyang, to build up defenses at the eastern capital of Luoyang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847491#Asia", "title": "755", "revid": 1340847491, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Sixteen Prefectures, which includes the area around modern-day Beijing, are absorbed in the Khitan Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Asia", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Emperor Tai Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty invades the Later Jin (Five Dynasties), resulting in the destruction of the Later Jin. Khitan forces head southwards to the Yellow River, but must return to their base in present-day Beijing in May after Tai Zong dies of an illness.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#China", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Gaoliang River: Emperor Tai Zong leads an expedition into You Prefecture (or Youzhou). The Liao Dynasty counter-attacks and defeats the Song forces near modern-day Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#China", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Niujie Mosque is constructed in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty. The first mosque is built under supervision of the Muslim architect Nazaruddin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Asia", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1192, "year_label": "1192 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Lugouqiao (later the Marco Polo) Bridge is completed in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341214506#Events", "title": "1192", "revid": 1341214506, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1211, "year_label": "1211 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan bypasses the Great Wall with little opposition, and splits his forces into two armies. The main army (60,000 men) is led by himself, and the other army is taken by his son Ögedei to attack the city of Datong. Genghis heads for the strategic Juyong Pass (\"Young Badger's Mouth\") – which leads down to the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing), but along the way he is halted at the pass of Yehuling where the bulk of the Jin army awaits him. Between March and October, the battle is fought in three stages, after Genghis has defeated the Jin forces, he begins raiding the countryside before he withdraws for the winter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360876354#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1211", "revid": 1360876354, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1213, "year_label": "1213 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170181#Events", "title": "1213", "revid": 1362170181, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1214, "year_label": "1214 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329586748#Asia", "title": "1214", "revid": 1329586748, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1215, "year_label": "1215 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Mongol conquest of Jin China: After the long Battle of Zhongdu, the Mongol forces capture Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). Meanwhile, Genghis Khan has decamped to the edge of the grasslands and is on his way back to the Kherlen River. Without his restraining influence, the Mongols run wild. They devastate and ransack the city, killing thousands. The royal palace goes up in flames, and a part of the capital burns for a month.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359458031#Asia", "title": "1215", "revid": 1359458031, "section": "Events › By continent › Asia"}}, {"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Toluid Civil War ends: Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of \"Great Khan\", Ariq Böke, who surrenders to Kublai on August 24. He is imprisoned and with the Chinese support behind him, Kublai is acknowledged by the rulers of the western khanates and as sole ruler of the Mongol Empire. He moves his capital from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia, to the Chinese city of Dadu (modern-day Beijing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach the Mongol capital Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Pope Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Asia", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The \"Grand Capital\" is constructed in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Asia_and_North_Africa", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Asia and North Africa"}}, {"year": 1271, "year_label": "1271 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The 17-year-old Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, to set off for Asia to meet the Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) at his court in Beijing, China. They sail across the Mediterranean Sea and travel overland, crossing Armenia, Persia and the Pamir Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320596#Europe", "title": "1271", "revid": 1351320596, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1307, "year_label": "1307 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The coronation of Külüg Khan as Khan of the Mongol Empire and as Emperor Wuzong of Yuan dynasty China, takes place in Khanbaliq in what is now Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007828#April_–_June", "title": "1307", "revid": 1332007828, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1327, "year_label": "1327 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "In China, the Grand Canal, which runs from Beijing to Hangzhou over a distance of 1,800 km, is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367267747#Trade_and_Transport", "title": "1327", "revid": 1367267747, "section": "Events › By topic › Trade and Transport"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – General Xu Da captures the Yuan city of Khanbaliq and renames it Beiping (\"northern peace\"), a forerunner to the current name of Beijing (\"northern capital\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#July–September", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of China directs General Lan Yu to attack the Mongol forces led by Tögüs Temür, whom the Emperor Zhu had deposed. The confrontation between Lan Yu and Tögüs Temür will culminate six months later at the Battle of Buir Lake, 500 mi north of Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#October–December", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Prince of Yan (Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion, the Jingnan campaign in Beijing against his nephew, the Emperor Zhu Yunwen, after two of Zhu Di's officials are arrested for \"subversive activity\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#July–September", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – In China, the Jingnan campaign of Prince Zhu Di of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of Li Jinglong, encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General Zhang Yu is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at Beijing and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#October–December", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1401, "year_label": "1401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – After their disastrous defeat on December 25 in the Battle of Dongchang in the Jingnan campaign, the forces of the Principality of Yan within China return to Beiping (located at the site of present-day Beijing).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347806355#January–March", "title": "1401", "revid": 1347806355, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Zhu Di, King of the Yan State at Beijing, becomes the new Ming Dynasty Emperor of China at Nanjing, uniting north and south China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In China, the Emperor Cheng Zu moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia, one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias, and orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing; the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangtze River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#Date_unknown", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing during the Chinese Ming dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#Date_unknown", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched by the Emperor Cheng Zu, as at least 100,000 soldiers depart from Beijing on a mission to depose Öljei Temür Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#January–March", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1414, "year_label": "1414 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 6", "text": "April 6 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu departs from Beijing to lead a military campaign against the Oirat Mongols.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368828978#April–June", "title": "1414", "revid": 1368828978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Emperor Cheng Zu of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north, towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#Date_unknown", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1420, "year_label": "1420 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Beijing (\"Northern Capital\") is officially designated the capital of Ming dynasty China by the Yongle Emperor, replacing Nanjing, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed and construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in the new capital city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937924#October–December", "title": "1420", "revid": 1365937924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#Date_unknown", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1425, "year_label": "1425 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – The interment of Ming dynasty China's Yongle Emperor, who died on August 12, takes place at the Chang Mausoleum in Beijing's Ming tombs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360580047#January_–_March", "title": "1425", "revid": 1360580047, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – The Ming Chinese expedition departs from Hormuz Island and begins its four-month voyage home to Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#January–March", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Admiral Zheng He and the crew of the seventh Ming Chinese overseas expedition return to China, arriving at Beijing two and one half years after their departure on January 19, 1411 from Nanjing. With the completion of the maritime expedition, the fleet is dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#July–September", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1443, "year_label": "1443 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming Dynasty China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349474708#Date_unknown", "title": "1443", "revid": 1349474708, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1449, "year_label": "1449 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – News arrives at the imperial court of the Emperor Yingzong of China of a Mongol invasion from the north, led by the Khagan Esen Taishi. Yingzong orders the dispatch of 45,000 soldiers from the Beijing garrison, led by four generals, to advance to Datong and Xuanfu to guard the border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251873#July–September", "title": "1449", "revid": 1365251873, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – China's Emperor Yingzong returns to Beijing after having been held as a prisoner of war by the Mongols since September 1, 1449. Upon returning, he is held under house arrest in the Forbidden City along with his wife, the Empress Qian, on orders of his younger brother Emperor Daizong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1500, "year_label": "1500 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Vijayanagara in the Vijayanagara Empire had about 500,000 inhabitants (supporting 0.1% of the global population during 1440–1540), making it the second largest city in the world after Beijing and almost three times the size of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364305524#Events", "title": "1500 in India", "revid": 1364305524, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Mongols, led by Anda, burn the suburbs of Beijing in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#Date_unknown", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Altan Khan crosses the Great Wall of China and besieges Beijing, burning the suburbs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#October–December", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#Date_unknown", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Wanggongchang Explosion in Beijing, China: a gunpowder factory explosion destroys part of the city and kills 20,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#April–June", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Fyodor Baykov, the Russian Empire's first envoy to China, is admitted to the Forbidden City within Beijing, after being sent by Tsar Alexis to negotiate a trade agreement with the Emperor Shunzi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#January–March", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Jesuit missionary Johann Grueber arrives in Rome after a 214-day journey that had started in Beijing, proving that commerce can be had between Europe and Asia by land rather than ship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The 8.0 Mw magnitude Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake devastates Beijing and Hebei in China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#July–September", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Five French Jesuits arrive in Beijing and later help the emperor in the Bureau of Astronomy and in the field of medicine", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243749001#Events", "title": "1687 in China", "revid": 1243749001, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – Six French Jesuit scientists, Joachim Bouvet, Jean-François Gerbillon, Louis-Daniel Lecomte, Guy Tachard, Claude de Visdelou and the leader, Jean de Fontaney, arrive in Beijing and are welcomed by the Emperor of China, Kangxi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#January–March", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – A great comet is visible from Pekin and sightings continue until December 24th, including many from Dutch ships near the equator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#October–December", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "By 1690, Galdan Boshugtu Khan of the Dzungars had moved down the Kerulen River into Rehe and was potentially in a position to threaten Beijing itself", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243749018#Events", "title": "1690 in China", "revid": 1243749018, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Flemish Jesuit missionary François Noël is welcomed in China by the Kangxi Emperor at the Forbidden City in Beijing, and discusses the Emperor's disdain over the disapproval of Jesuit accommodation of Confucian rites by the Roman Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#April–June", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1725, "year_label": "1725 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – Russia dispatches 1,500 troops and 120 civilians to Russia's border with China, on a mission to survey the boundaries in order to make a treaty with the Chinese Empire. Serbian adventurer Sava Vladislavich leads a group of cartographers to prepare maps in advance of traveling on to Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361335962#October–December", "title": "1725", "revid": 1361335962, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At about this date, London is estimated to overtake Peking as the world's largest city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374055371#Undated", "title": "1825 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1374055371, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 18", "text": "18 October – Lord Elgin orders his forces to set fire to the huge complex of Beijing's Old Summer Palace, known as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness, which burns to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360465223#Events", "title": "1860 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360465223, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Quanjude Peking Roast Duck restaurant opens on Qianmen Street in Peking, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#Date_unknown", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – French missionary Father Armand David first observes Père David's deer in Peking, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#May", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, Qing dynasty China, demand that the Boxer rebels (who oppose foreign interests in the country) be disciplined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#January", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Boxer Rebellion: Boxers gather about 20,000 people near Peking, and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#June", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Boxer Rebellion: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the European hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#August", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1901, "year_label": "1901 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu, Boxer Rebellion leaders, are executed in Peking.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373318021#February", "title": "1901", "revid": 1373318021, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 27", "text": "September 27 – Da-Qing Bank, predecessor of Bank of China, is founded in Peiping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#September", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Bank of Communications, a major financial services provider in China, is founded in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#March", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Zhang Zuolin's army captures Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#April", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1927, "year_label": "1927 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Canadian anthropologist Davidson Black discovered a fossil molar of Peking Man in a cave near Beijing, China", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369054756#Science_and_technology", "title": "1927 in Canada", "revid": 1369054756, "section": "Science and technology"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25–31 – Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, a series of actions fought around Beiping and Tianjin, result in Japanese victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#July", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 — Peip'ing C-46 crash near Beiping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359668729#October", "title": "1945 in China", "revid": 1359668729, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Workers' Stadium sports venue in Beijing (China) is officially opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#August", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1963, "year_label": "1963 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – According to Chinese government official confirmed document on 1986, a torrential heavy massive rain, with many dam collapse, flood swept hit in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province, total 5,154 persons were human fatalities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363594475#Events", "title": "1963 in China", "revid": 1363594475, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November", "text": "Henry Kissinger secretly visits Beijing", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372001468#November", "title": "1971 in China", "revid": 1372001468, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November", "text": "November – Queen Sisowath Kossamak of Cambodia is released from house arrest to Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#November", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "28 May – Malaysia established diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China. Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak visited China for the first time and met Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373376730#Events", "title": "1974 in Malaysia", "revid": 1373376730, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong dies in Beijing after a series of heart attacks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#September", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 - The leadership of \"Angkar,\" had fostered a cult of personality centered on the \"Supreme authority\", which continues omnipresent and demanded complete loyalty to the \"Communist Party of Kampuchea\" (CPK), the People's Republic of China was the primary benefactor of the military provided by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) with the vast majority of its external support from China, while North Korea (DPRK) also served as a significant and loyal ally to the Khmer Rouge, though its material contributions were secondary to those from Beijing, with Pyongyang became generally the second-largest trading partner after China, which both maintained strong, unique ties of the geopolitical alliances between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364639481#March", "title": "1978 in Cambodia", "revid": 1364639481, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – In China, a Hawker Siddeley Trident crashes into a factory near Beijing, killing at least 260.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355557847#March", "title": "1979 in China", "revid": 1355557847, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#April", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – 1989 Tiananmen Square protests: More than 1,000,000 Chinese protesters march through Beijing demanding greater democracy, leading to a crackdown.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#May", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 — Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301151030#May", "title": "1989 in China", "revid": 1301151030, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre: A violent military crackdown takes place on pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#June", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – A self-immolation incident takes place in Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, China. Five members of the Falun Gong are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#January", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – October 21 – The 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is held in Beijing, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#October", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#August", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 28", "text": "28 June – President al-Bashir visits Beijing, China to discuss the south's independence that will soon be granted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367432740#June", "title": "2011 in Sudan", "revid": 1367432740, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – The International Olympic Committee awards Beijing the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#July", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – The United States announces a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing in response to China's human rights record. Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia join shortly after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#December", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – February 20 – The 2022 Winter Olympics are held in Beijing, China, making it the first city ever to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#February", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – March 13 – The 2022 Winter Paralympics are held in Beijing, China, making it the first city to host both Summer Paralympics and Winter Paralympics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#March", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15–17 – The first World Humanoid Robot Games are held in Beijing, China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#August", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › August"}}]}