{"slug": "azerbaijan", "label": "Azerbaijan", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227", "qid": "Q227", "description": "country in the Caucasus in Eastern Europe and Western Asia", "entries": 36, "years": 31, "span": [624, 2025], "span_label": ["624 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 15}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 14}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Republic of Azerbaijan"], "related": [{"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "baku", "label": "Baku", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "georgia-country", "label": "Georgia (country)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "timur", "label": "Timur", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "qara-qoyunlu", "label": "Qara Qoyunlu", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "seljuk-empire", "label": "Seljuk Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "caucasus", "label": "Caucasus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "shirvan", "label": "Shirvan", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "timurid-dynasty", "label": "Timurid dynasty", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius advances with an expeditionary force (40,000 men) along the Araxes River, destroying the fortress city of Dvin, capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan (modern Azerbaijan). At Ganzak, Heraclius defeats the Persian army and destroys the famous fire temple at Takht-e Soleymān, an important Zoroastrian shrine. He winters his army in Caucasian Albania to gather forces for the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Javanshir of Caucasian Albania (modern Azerbaijan) revolts against the Muslim-Arabs, but is defeated (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Arabian_Empire", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion is suppressed by Muhammad ibn Marwan. He captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes. Many of the captured nakharar are gathered into churches and burned alive at Nakhchevan (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 943, "year_label": "943 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Caspian expeditions of the Rus': The Rus' under the Varangian prince Igor I of Kiev sail up the Kura River, deep into the Caucasus, and defeat the forces of the Sallarid ruler Marzuban ibn Muhammad. They capture the fortress city of Barda (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916983#Europe", "title": "943", "revid": 1364916983, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1027, "year_label": "1027 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Yazid II, Persian ruler (shah) of Shirvan (Azerbaijan)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215196#Deaths", "title": "1027", "revid": 1342215196, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Eldiguz, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Azerbaijan, founds the Eldiguzid Dynasty and establishes an independent state within the Seljuk Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1221, "year_label": "1221 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the Caucasus (consisting of Georgia and Armenia) under the command of Subutai and Jebe (\"the Arrow\"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King George IV of Georgia himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. Meanwhile in Bamyan, the ruler Genghis Khan leads a Mongol force that besieges and captures the fortified city after fierce resistance; during the fighting, his grandson Mutukan is killed, prompting a brutal massacre of the city’s defenders. The Mongols then return to Azerbaijan and Persia, and burn and pillage a few more cities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363300593#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1221", "revid": 1363300593, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ibrahim I is selected to succeed Husheng, as Shah of Shirvan (now Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#Date_unknown", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1396, "year_label": "1396 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360576293#Date_unknown", "title": "1396", "revid": 1360576293, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1417, "year_label": "1417 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – At Shamakhi (located in what is now the Republic of Azerbaijan), Khalilullah I becomes the new Shirvanshah, ruler of the Kingdom of Shirvan, following the death of his father, the Shirvanshah Ibrahim I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829183#July–September", "title": "1417", "revid": 1368829183, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#July–September", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – (22 Rajab 873 AH) At the Battle of Qarabagh, in what is now Azerbaijan, troops led by Uzun Hasan, ruler of Aq Qoyunlu, decisively defeat the Timurids of Samrkand, ruled by Abu Sa'id Mirza. Mirza is taken a prisoner of war and is executed four days later on February 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#January–March", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – The Ganja Fortress in modern-day Azerbaijan is captured by Ottoman general Serdar Ferhad Pasha.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#July–September", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1813, "year_label": "1813 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357692833#October–December", "title": "1813", "revid": 1357692833, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1828, "year_label": "1828 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Treaty of Turkmenchay: By this Russian-Persian peace treaty signed on February 10 at Torkamanchay, Persia (Iran), the latter country is forced irrevocably to cede the territories of the Erivan Khanate (most of modern-day central Armenia and the northern Iğdır Province of Turkey), the Nakhichevan Khanate (most of the modern-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the remainder of the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad and Mughan regions (also part of modern-day Azerbaijan) to Imperial Russia. By this and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) Persia has now lost all its territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to Russia. Armenians from Persian Azerbaijan are to be resettled in the Caucasus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371323922#January–March", "title": "1828", "revid": 1371323922, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – March Days: Bolshevik and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#March", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#April", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#May", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#December", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – An Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#November", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Ukraine and four other nations in the Commonwealth of Independent States reject Russia's proposal to maintain unified armed forces. Ukraine, Moldova and Azerbaijan announce they will go ahead with plans to create their own military forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#February", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan is signed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#May", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers, becoming the world's worst subway disaster.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#October", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2001, "year_label": "2001 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Armenia and Azerbaijan join the Council of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373523156#January", "title": "2001", "revid": 1373523156, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7: President of the United States George W. Bush and President of Russia Vladimir Putin meet to discuss missile defense. Putin, in a minor reversal of recent rhetoric regarding Bush's European missile shield plans, suggests placing a radar installation in Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324676412#June", "title": "2007 in Azerbaijan", "revid": 1324676412, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29: Ten people are trapped alive in a collapsed apartment building in Baku, Azerbaijan with at least twelve people having died.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324676412#August", "title": "2007 in Azerbaijan", "revid": 1324676412, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29: The UK embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan, is closed as a precaution after a terrorist attack in the city is prevented. The US embassy also closes its doors after the Azerbaijan Government reports of the thwarting of a \"large-scale, horrifying terror attack.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324676412#October", "title": "2007 in Azerbaijan", "revid": 1324676412, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22–26 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 takes place in Baku, Azerbaijan, and is won by Swedish entrant Loreen with the song \"Euphoria\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#May", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#August", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12–28 – The inaugural European Games are held in Baku, Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#June", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes: Azerbaijan attacks Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis, Goris, Sotk and Jermuk, and occupies certain areas of its territory along the Armenia–Azerbaijan border. Over the next few days, more than 100 Armenian soldiers are killed in the clashes, while Azerbaijan acknowledges 71 fatalities among its forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#September", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan launches a military offensive against the Armenia-backed Republic of Artsakh, which ends with a swift Azerbaijani victory. Protests erupt in Armenia, Artsakh announces the dissolution of government institutions, and over 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#September", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Republic of Artsakh is formally dissolved following the recapture of the Nagorno-Karabakh region by Azerbaijan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#January", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Armenia and Azerbaijan sign a peace deal to end 37-year-old hostilities regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#August", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › August"}}]}