{"slug": "ayyubid-dynasty", "label": "Ayyubid dynasty", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180114", "qid": "Q180114", "description": "Islamic dynasty from 1171 to 1341", "entries": 12, "years": 11, "span": [1177, 1250], "span_label": ["1177 CE", "1250 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "also_known_as": ["Ayyubid", "Ayyubid Sultanate", "Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt", "Ayyubids"], "related": [{"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "saladin", "label": "Saladin", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "acre-israel", "label": "Acre, Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bilad-al-sham", "label": "Bilad al-Sham", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1177, "year_label": "1177 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The union of Egypt and Syria under Sultan Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub, the foundation of the Ayyubid Sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1273054652#Date_unknown", "title": "1177", "revid": 1273054652, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1183, "year_label": "1183 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Siege of Kerak is waged between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders, in which regent Guy of Lusignan refuses to fight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552635#Near_East", "title": "1183", "revid": 1360552635, "section": "Events › By area › Asia › Near East"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Massacre of Ayyadieh: Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on Mount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Third_Crusade", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Saladin (the Lion) dies of a fever at Damascus. The lands of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Syria and Egypt are split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out of Jerusalem to a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter. Al-Afdal succeeds his father as ruler (emir) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-old Al-Aziz, proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt. Al-Zahir receives Aleppo (with lands in northern Syria), and Turan-Shah receives Yemen. The other dominions and fiefs in the Oultrejordain (also called Lordship of Montréal) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Levant", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1195, "year_label": "1195 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliph, Al-Nasir, takes military action against the Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Aziz Uthman, who controls Egypt and Syria. The Caliph mobilizes his forces and marches into Mesopotamia, directly challenging Ayyubid authority in the region of Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326044730#Events", "title": "1195", "revid": 1326044730, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Barons' Crusade: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently Walter IV of Brienne, Odo of Montbéliard, Balian of Beirut, John of Arsuf, and Balian of Sidon – plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Levant", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – As-Salih Ayyub becomes ruler of Egypt, after deposing his half-brother Al-Adil II. Meanwhile, other members of the Ayyubid Dynasty are conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. During his reign, As-Salih begins buying large numbers of Kipchak slaves, to form an elite core in the Egyptian army, known as Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Africa", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 2", "text": "2 October – Damascus falls to the Ayyubid vizier Mu'in al-Din Hasan ibn al-Shaykh after a siege of some four months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Levant", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt as the last vizier in the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}]}