{"slug": "austria-hungary", "label": "Austria-Hungary", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28513", "qid": "Q28513", "description": "1867–1918 empire in Central Europe", "entries": 40, "years": 19, "span": [1867, 1919], "span_label": ["1867 CE", "1919 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 16}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 16}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Austro-Hungarian", "Austro-Hungarian Empire"], "related": [{"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "world-war-i", "label": "World War I", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-serbia", "label": "Kingdom of Serbia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "german-empire", "label": "German Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bosnia-and-herzegovina", "label": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "serbia", "label": "Serbia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "vienna", "label": "Vienna", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy", "label": "Kingdom of Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dalmatia", "label": "Dalmatia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "padua", "label": "Padua", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (called Ausgleich in German or kiegyezés in Hungarian (The Compromise)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire; on June 8 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#May", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba, Horvát–magyar kiegyezés, Kroatisch-Ungarischer Ausgleich) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#September", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1870, "year_label": "1870 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – The Musikverein, Vienna, is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496807#January", "title": "1870", "revid": 1362496807, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, the German Empire and the Russian Empire in an alliance against radical movements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#Date_unknown", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The Vienna World's Fair opens in the capital of Austria-Hungary and runs for six months, closing on October 31.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#May", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Der Gründerkrach: The Wiener Börse (Vienna stock exchange) crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit, and heralds the global Panic of 1873 and Long Depression.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#May", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "22 October – Bismarck negotiates the League of the Three Emperors, ensuring an alliance between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330911663#Events", "title": "1873 in Germany", "revid": 1330911663, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#May", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#June", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#October", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#May", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1885, "year_label": "1885 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 26", "text": "26 March – Prussian deportations: the Prussian government orders the expulsion of all ethnic Poles and Jews holding Russian citizenship, later extended to include Polish Austrian citizens. More than 30,000 people are forced across the border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331892782#Events", "title": "1885 in Germany", "revid": 1331892782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Birth of Adolf Hitler at Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary, the son of customs official Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#April", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 10", "text": "10 August – A Romanian-Serbian-Slovakian political alliance is formed to combat forced Magyarization in Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366353389#Events", "title": "1895 in Romania", "revid": 1366353389, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The Bosnian crisis begins, after the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#October", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1909, "year_label": "1909 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – At the Italian city of Racconigi, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was hosted by King Victor Emmanuel III. The foreign ministers the two nations, Tommaso Tittoni and Aleksandr Izvolsky, exchanged diplomatic notes on an informal agreement, known as the Racconigi Bargain, for Russia and Italy to support each other's interests in the Balkans and in the Ottoman Empire. Italy and the Russian Empire concluded another agreement with Austro-Hungarian Empire a few days later disregarding this agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371628595#October", "title": "1909 in Italy", "revid": 1371628595, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The first Nationalist Congress is held in Florence after which the Italian Nationalist Association (Associazione Nazionalista Italiana, ANI) is founded under the influence of Italian nationalists such as Enrico Corradini and Giovanni Papini. Upon its formation, the ANI supported the repatriation of Austrian held Italian-populated lands to Kingdom of Italy and was willing to endorse war with Austria-Hungary to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371061586#December", "title": "1910 in Italy", "revid": 1371061586, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – A diplomat from Austria-Hungary told representatives from Italy and Germany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion of Serbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who said that Italy refused to participate. Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly opposed the arrival of Serbian army on the Adriatic Sea because they perceived it as a threat to their domination of the Adriatic and feared that Serbian Adriatic port could become a Russian base.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358386000#August", "title": "1913 in Italy", "revid": 1358386000, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo. The assassination led directly to the First World War when Austria-Hungary subsequently issued an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. Austria-Hungary then declared war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365775968#June", "title": "1914 in Italy", "revid": 1365775968, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#July", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times of London publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as \"pestilent rats\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#July", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Yugoslav nationalist movement Young Bosnia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361237348#Events", "title": "1914 in Croatia", "revid": 1361237348, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – At the outbreak of World War I, the government, led by the conservative Antonio Salandra, declares that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. In reality, both Salandra and the minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonino Paternò Castello, begin to probe which side would grant the best reward for Italy's entrance in the war and to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims. Although the majority of the cabinet (including former Prime Minister Giolitti) is firmly against intervention, numerous intellectuals, including Socialists such as Ivanoe Bonomi and Leonida Bissolati declare in favour of intervention. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio who helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365775968#August", "title": "1914 in Italy", "revid": 1365775968, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary, after Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Qingdao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369517761#Events", "title": "1914 in Japan", "revid": 1369517761, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#December", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#April", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – A secret pact, the Treaty of London or London Pact (Patto di Londra), is signed between the Triple Entente (the United Kingdom, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Kingdom of Italy. According to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the Triple Entente. Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month in return for territorial concessions at the end of the war to fulfil Italy’s irredentist claims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369974115#April", "title": "1915 in Italy", "revid": 1369974115, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – WWI: Italy joins the Allies after declaring war on Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#May", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – July 7 – The First Battle of the Isonzo between the Armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front in World War I. The aim of the Italian Army, under the command of Luigi Cadorna, was to drive the Austrians away from its defensive positions along the Soča (Isonzo) and on the nearby mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369974115#June", "title": "1915 in Italy", "revid": 1369974115, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – WWI: The Allies promise the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#August", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – WWI: Serbian Campaign – Austria-Hungary invades the Kingdom of Serbia. Bulgaria enters the war, also invading Serbia. The Serbian First Army retreats towards Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#October", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#August", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Karl von Habsburg and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma are crowned emperor and empress of Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#December", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – Lloyd George claims the dissolution of Austria-Hungary is not their war aim", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345804948#January", "title": "1918 in Hungary", "revid": 1345804948, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – WWI: Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezín, Austria-Hungary, after three years in prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#April", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats off the Dalmatian coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#June", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#October", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Revolution overthrows the pro-Habsburg government in Hungary, effectively dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#October", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary on the Italian Front during World War I. The armistice was signed in the Villa Giusti, outside of Padua in the Veneto, northern Italy, and was to take effect 24 hours later. The occupation of all Tyrol, including Innsbruck, was completed in the following days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1249908628#November", "title": "1918 in Italy", "revid": 1249908628, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The Republic of German-Austria becomes the First Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#September", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › September"}}]}